Author name:
ضي صباح كريم حسن
Supervisor name:
علاء حسين عبد الامير الرهيمي
University location:
Najaf
Abstract:
شرعت المؤسسات الاكاديمية العراقية المعنية بحقل المعرفة التاريخية والعلوم السياسية، ومنذ ثمانينات القرن العشرين، الاهتمام بدراسة تاريخ لبنان، خاصة في المرحلة المعاصرة، وذلك لجملة من الدواعي والاسباب، لعل من بين ابرزها : ان البلد العربي والشرق اوسطي هذا، كا | Since the eighties of the twentieth century, the Iraqi academic institutions concerned with historical knowledge and political science, have begun to show interest in studying the history of Lebanon, especially at the present times. That was for a variety of reasons, the most prominent are : that Lebanon, an Arabic country in the Middle East, has been and still is an integral part of the circle of the regional developments, political disputes and conflicts. The impact of the international interventions has been for the most part effective in drawing and consolidating their courses throughout the region. There were also bloody clashes that hit Lebanon.These events have caused Lebanon too much trouble after its independence in 1943 for many decades to come. Lebanon was often in the midst of these conflicts and a major field of conflicts in the region, especially that the Lebanese interior and centers of political and military power, for known historical reasons, allied with rivalries of the regional and international powers whether in the "challenge" of rejecting or "response" of allying with this or that party, each according to its relationship with those regional and international foreign powers.The study consists of the introduction, preface, three chapters and a conclusion of the most important results. The preface "Parliamentary practice and the concept of Public Budget : A concise study" is based on three sections. The first section is a brief reading of the roots of the parliament and the stages of its formation from 1922 to 1952, exploring the legal frameworks of its establishment and ethnic composition. The second section tackled the mechanisms of parliamentary elections and the development of its rules mainly in the period (1952 - 1976) along with forming governments and electing presidents. However, the third section was limited to defining the concept of "Public Budget" and the mechanisms of its endorsement within the Lebanese Legislative Institution augmented with an explanation of the related concepts such as "Legislative Budget", "Budget Cycle" and "the Principle of Balance" as well as the reasons and importance to the state.The first chapter is entitled "The Public Budgets and their Endorsement during the reign of Lebanon's Presidents 1952 - 1976, General Study." It contains four sections in which the researcher investigated "Revenues" and "Expenditures" of the Public Budget in the period (1952 - 1976). This period covers the reign of four presidents of the Lebanese Republic. The researcher also referred to the variation of "their effectiveness" and their approach in the formulation of domestic policy, including the financial, and economic policies. Furthermore, the regional and international changes have a profound impact on the country’s situation mainly affecting the real value of its currency and its exchange rate against the US dollar, and therefore its impact on the "growth" of the budget numbers especially that it has recently suffered a "deficit".The second chapter is called "The position of the Lebanese Parliament Council towards the allocations and conditions of the public services 1952 - 1976". Based on what influences of public services and social and humanitarian issues on the life of "the individual" and "society", the researcher divided the chapter into three sections. The first section studied the position of the Lebanese Parliament in relation to the budgets of education and cultural institutions such as schools, universities and curricula, as well as the interest in the success of the educational process mechanisms, especially the teaching staff. It also emphasized enhancing "the spirit of citizenship" and preparing a conscious righteous community. While the second section discussed health aspects and social welfare. The researcher tackled certain topics concerning hospitals, doctors and drug prices. In addition to issues related to "social security" and "the poor and indigent care". The last section was devoted to topics of "infrastructure" such as roads, electricity, water and distribution mechanisms throughout the country.In the third chapter, "The Lebanese Parliament Council and the Budgets of Sovereign Ministries", the researcher discussed thoroughly the following ministries : "Ministry of the Interior," " Ministry of National Defense," " Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates ". Each one of these was allotted a single section. The researcher explained in this chapter the "Percentage" of the Public Budget, the growing and declining of its financial allocations, in addition to pointing out the most prominent views of a number of parliament members.The study was concluded with the following findings : 1. The Public Budget of any country is considered a realistic expression of its financial and economic policy. Therefore, it is a reflection of the country's policy in all fields; socially, economically, culturally and even, politically. 2. The Lebanese economic and financial state was not only strongly related to the interior developments and the nature of its economic activities, but also to the regional and international variables. 3. The Lebanese Public Budget was endorsed during the period 1952 - 1976 by a “Legislatorial Decree” for certain reasons for the years 1953, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1964 and 1976, without being discussed and then endorsed by the Lebanese Parliament. This practice was repeated for many years as mentioned earlier. 4. The Public Budgets had witnessed, for the aforementioned period, a growth in their revenues and expenditures, taking into account the rise and fall in the Lebanese currency value. 5. The entries of the Lebanese Public Budgets, in their entirety, came from direct and indirect taxations, which constitute the essential tributary, if not the only tributary, for providing the budget with the necessary financial resources.
