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سياسات التسعير العالمية للنفط وتاثيرها على التنمية الاقتصادية في العراق للمدة 1980 - 2014 == Global oil pricing policies and their impact on economic development in Iraq for the period 1980 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: علياء عبد الحسين عبودي الاسدي
اسم المشرف: جعفر طالب احمد الجنديل
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد سعت هذه الدراسة الى النظر في واقع اسعار قطاع النفط ومستقبلها في ظل العديد من العوامل الفاعلة الداخلية والخارجية للدول المنتجة والمستهلكة للنفط، فضلا عن معرفة اثار ذلك على مستقبل التنمية في الاقتصاد العراقي. لاسيما مع وصول اسعار النفط الخام الى مستويات اقل من الحدود المثلى وفق النظرية الاقتصادية والتي تتسبب بخسائر مالية كبيرة للبلدان المنتجة للنفط.لذا فقد انطلقت الباحثة من فرضية مفادها ان مراقبة التغيرات في سياسة التسعير العالمية وتاثيرها على اقتصاديات البلدان المنتجة للنفط في الحاضر والمستقبل امرا مهما لمعرفة التوجهات المرسومة للنشاطات الاقتصادية.ومدى تاثيرها على معدلات التنمية في الدول الريعية ومنها العراق، ويعود السبب في ذلك الى التذبذب الحاد في اسعار النفط ارتفاعا وانخفاضا الى ان وصل الامر الى تحقيق فائض في المعروض النفطي, وانخفاض الطلب عليه, اذ اثبتت الدراسة استمرار التذبذب في اسعار النفط في الاسواق العالمية, مما ترتب عليه تكبد البلدان المنتجة للنفط خسائر كبيرة بسبب الانخفاض الحاد والمفاجئ في اسعار النفط والذي من خلاله اصبح الخاسر الوحيد هو الدول المنتجة للنفط والمستفيد من هذا الانهيار هي الدول المستهلكة له ،وتاتي في مقدمتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية بوصفها اكبر مستهلك للنفط في العالم هذا على وجه العموم ،اما بالنسبة للعراق على وجه الخصوص فان اقتصاده اصبح مدمرا بسبب الانهيار في اسعار النفط ووصوله الى ادنى المستويات ،اذ ان الاقتصاد العراقي في مواجهة تحديات كبيرة مرتبطة بضعف القطاعات الاقتصادية غير النفطية, مما يتطلب العمل على تنميتها وتطويرها كشرط مسبق لتحقيق النهوض الاقتصادي، اما بالنسبة للقطاع النفطي والذي يعد القطاع المعول عليه في بناء المستقبل فانه يعاني من مشاكل خلفتها السياسات الخاطئة ،وهو ايضا يحتاج الى تطوير وتنمية قبل ان ياخذ دوره في خدمة الاقتصاد وتوفير الموارد اللازمة لعمليات البناء والاعمار، اذن الصورة تزداد ظلاما ولايمكن اطلاق نورها الا من خلال تحمل المسؤولية من قبل الشعب العراقي المتمثلة بالقدرة والتصميم والعزم على تجاوز المحنة وصناعة نموذج في البناء والتطور. | This study aims to consider the reality and future of the prices of Oil sector under many influential Factors the Internal and External for the Oil - producing and Consuming countries ,as well as knowing the effects of all that on the future of growing in Iraq's economy. Specially, when the prices of Crude Oil reached to less of the optimal levels according to the Economic theory that resulted in great Financial losses for the Oil - producing Countries. So, the researcher has started from the theory that observed the changes in the policies of Global pricing ,and its reflections on Oil Markets in the present time and future less than its optimal levels according to the data of Economic theory.The reason behind that is the great fluctuation in oil prices up and down till it came to a surplus in oil supply and reducing demand for oil.The study has proved the fluctuation in oil prices in the Global Market, which results in great culmination for Oil - producing countries due to the great and sudden decrease in oil prices,and thought that,the only loser is the oil - producing countries ,and the beneficiary of this collapse is the consuming countries at the forefront is United States of America ,because it is considered the biggest consumer in the world generally. Particularly ,the economy of Iraq is destroyed now because of the oil prices collapse and reaching lowest levels.The economy of Iraq is facing now a great challenges related to the weakness of non - oil economy sectors,all that should be developed as a precondition to achieve the Economic Recovery.Oil sector is considered the main sector to build the future.This sector is suffering now from many problems created by wrong policies,and needs to be developed and renewed before taking part to serve the economy and providing necessary materials for the construction processes.So, the picture is getting dark and cannot be remedied Just by Iraqi people represented by determination and insistence and strong well to overcome the crisis and create a model in construction and development.

قياس النمو والانتاجية الكلية لعوامل الانتاج في الاقتصاد العراقي للمدة 1980 - 2014 == MEASURING TOTAL GROWTH & PRODUTIVITY OF The TOTAI FACTORS IN THE IRAQI ECONOMY ((1980 - 2014))

اسم المؤلف: حسين كلف عزيز
اسم المشرف: جعفر باقر محمود علوش الوائلي
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: هدف البحث الى استخدام نموذج سولو المطور المعتمد على تقدير دالة الانتاج لـ(Cobb - Douglas) في قياس النمو الاقتصادي في العراق للمدة (1980 - 2014)، ومعرفة العلاقة بين راس المال المادي والبشري، والانتاجية الكلية لعوامل الانتاج، وكذلك توزيع مساهمة عوامل الانتاج على النمو الاقتصادي.اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان مرونة كل من العاملين راس المال البشري، وراس المال المادي، بنسبة (0.80 - 0.20) على التوالي، ويسهم هذان العاملان في تفسير ما نسبته (83.0%) من التغيرات في معدل نمو الناتج المحلي الاجمالي، وهذا يشير الى ان نسبة مساهمة العوامل الكلية لعوامل الانتاج في النمو بلغت (17%). وبلغت مساهمة راس المال البشري (75.31%)، ومساهمة راس المال المادي (13.23%) من نمو الناتج المحلي الاجمالي خلال المدة (1980 - 2014)، في حين بلغ معدل نمو الانتاجية الكلية لعوامل الانتاج (0.55%) خلال المدة نفسها على مستوى الاقتصاد ككل. واظهرت مرونة انتاج راس المال المادي والبشري نحو (0.76 - 0.23) على التوالي في القطاع الزراعي، ويسهم هذان العاملان في تفسير ما نسبته (4%) من التغيرات في معدل نمو الناتج المحلي الاجمالي، وهذا يشير الى ان نسبة مساهمة العوامل الكلية لعوامل الانتاج في النمو بلغت (96%). وبلغت مساهمة راس المال البشري (56.62%)، ومساهمة راس المال المادي (13.51 - %) من نمو الناتج المحلي الاجمالي خلال المدة (1980 - 2014)، في حين بلغ معدل نمو الانتاجية الكلية لعوامل الانتاج (1.38%) في القطاع الزراعي للمدة نفسها، كما اظهرت مرونة انتاج راس المال المادي والبشري نحو (0.31 - ) (1.31) على التوالي في القطاع الصناعي، وبلغت مساهمة راس المال البشري (69.88 - %)، ومساهمة راس المال المادي (49.27%) من نمو الناتج المحلي الاجمالي خلال المدة (1980 - 2014)، في حين بلغ معدل نمو الانتاجية الكلية لعوامل الانتاج (1.43 - %) في القطاع الصناعي للمدة نفسها، واظهرت مرونة انتاج راس المال المادي والبشري نحو (0.91 - ) (1.91) على التوالي في قطاع الخدمات، وبلغت مساهمة راس المال البشري (246.80%)، ومساهمة راس المال المادي (69.04 - %) من نمو الناتج المحلي الاجمالي خلال المدة (1980 - 2014)، في حين بلغ معدل نمو الانتاجية الكلية لعوامل الانتاج (3.75 - %) في قطاع الخدمات للمدة نفسها. واهم التوصيات التي قدمتها الدراسة هي ضرورة التركيز على فاعلية الاستثمار في راس المال البشري، من خلال الاستثمار في التعليم والصحة والبحث والتطوير؛ لما له من اثر هام وبارز في زيادة النمو الاقتصادي. | estimate the production function for(Cobb - Douglas) in the measurement of economic growth in Iraq for the period (1980 - 2014), and the relationship between the head of the physical and human capital, the overall productivity of factors of production, as well as the distribution of the contribution of the factors of production and economic growth.The results of the study that the flexibility of all workers in human capital, physical capital, by (0.80 - 0.20), respectively, and contributes to these two factors in the interpretation of what rate (%83.0) of the changes in the rate of growth of gross domestic product GDP, this indicates that the rate of contribution of the macro - factors of factors of production in the growth of (%17). The contribution of human capital (%75.31), and the contribution of physical capital (%13.23) from GDP growth during the period (1980 - 2014), while the growth rate of the overall productivity of factors of production (%0.55) during the same period at the level of the economy as a whole. The flexibility of showed the production of physical and human capital toward (0.76 - 0.23) respectively in the agricultural sector, and contributes to these two factors in the interpretation of what rate (%4) of the changes in the rate of growth of gross domestic product (GDP), this indicates that the rate of contribution of the macro - factors of factors of production in the growth of (%96). The contribution of human capital (%56.62), and the contribution of physical capital (% - 13.51) from GDP growth during the period (1980 - 2014), while the growth rate of the overall productivity of factors of production (%1.38) in the agricultural sector for the same period, it also showed the flexibility of the production of physical and human capital toward ( - 0.31) (1.31) respectively in the industrial sector, contribution amounted to human capital (%69.88), and the contribution of physical capital (%49.27) from GDP growth during the period (1980 - 2014), while the growth rate of the overall productivity of factors of production (% - 1.43) in the industrial sector for the same period, and showed flexibility of the production of physical and human capital toward( - 0.91)(1.91)respectively in the services sector, contribution amounted to human capital (%246.80), and the contribution of physical capital (% - 69.04) from GDP growth during the period (1980 - 2014), while the growth rate of the overall productivity of factors of production (% - 3.75) in the services sector for the same period. Most of the recommendations made by the study is the need to focus on the effectiveness of investment in human capital, through investment in education and health research and development; and to have an important impact in the increasing economic growth.

تحليل بعض تحديات القطاع الزراعي واثرها على الامن الغذائي في العراق للمدة 1990 - 2013 == Analysis of some of the agricultural sector and its impact on food security challenges in Iraq for the period (1990 - 2013)

اسم المؤلف: ميس محمد حسين
اسم المشرف: جليل كامل غيدان الجبوري
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The challenges in the agricultural sector of desertification, climate change and the water crisis of dangerous phenomena pose an environmental challenge, economically and socially healthy and Iraq is one of the world's countries that exposure to these challenges and try this study were to identify these challenges and analyze their causes and their economic consequences Because Iraq is exposed to the problem of desertification and the resulting salinization of the soil and decaying vegetation, sand dunes and the occurrence of dust storms all this is due to climate change and the nature of Iraq's dry climate and dry alum and the lack of rain and high temperatures as well as factors related to man and mismanagement of natural resources available Him as well as the growing problem of river water scarcity in Iraq after Iraq's neighboring countries proceeded to the implementation of plans for large irrigation work and projects include the storage and exploitation of large amounts of water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which led it to reduce Iraq's share of water tributaries that became a reality threatens food security significantly during the low productivity of agricultural land that played an active part in the deterioration of the country's food security

توجهات السياسة النقدية لتحقيق الاستقرار الاقتصادي وتحسين سعر الصرف في العراق للمدة 1980 - 2013

اسم المؤلف: رباب ناظم خزام العكيلي
اسم المشرف: احمد صبيح عطية العطواني
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Monetary policy is one of the most important economic policies that play active role which effects on economic activity through what have indirect and direct tools that rise from the economic philosophy of the state.Importance of monetary policy differs from the economic system to another and one country to another in the same economic system, this difference is based on a set of factors according to the surrounding environment that exercise it work, as well as what have validities to exercise its basic functions to achieve specific level of stability in local currency and price levels of the exchange rate in order to achieve economic stability.Monetary policy in Iraq is affected by the conditions and unstable political events which passed on the country such as Iran - Iraq war and the Gulf War and what followed by imposition of severe economic sanctions have led to the adoption of emergency economic policies to treat imbalances that accompanied the economic blockade, which fiscal policy has expanded during this time, and its impose hegemony heavily on monetary policy that too much was made in the new monetary issuance, at the time Iraqi dinar exchange rate which has fallen and waves of inflation has emerged that led to a decline in the standard of living of the society.After changing the political system in 2003 it began appearance of new economic policy features that was one of most important is central bank getting to independence that led to positive monetary policy which is reflected in the improvement of the Iraqi dinar exchange rate and adjust the monetary policy to appropriate with Iraqi economic conditions

العلاقة بين عرض النقد والتضخم في الاقتصاد العراقي : دراسة قياسية للمدة 1990 - 2014 == The relationship between Money Supply and Inflation in the Iraqi Economy Econometric Study During 1990 - 2014

اسم المؤلف: بشار سعدي عبد اسود
اسم المشرف: جواد كاظم البكري
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: كان اتجاه البحث نحو استيعاب اغلب المتغيرات التي تحيط بالعلاقة ما بين متغير عرض النقد وظاهرة التضخم، الى جانب معرفة الحركات التبادلية بين طرفي البحث(عرض النقد, التضخم), ومعرفة من من هذين المتغيرين يؤثر في الاخر ومدى قوة هذا التاثير وطبيعته. اضافة الى اكتشاف الاتجاه الداخلي في التضخم الذي يرفع الاسعار بشكل مستمر من خلال التعرف على الراجع او التغذية العكسية(Feedback) من التضخم الى عرض النقد.كما وتعد ظاهرة التضخم احدى اقدم المشاكل الاقتصادية التي واجهت البشرية على مدى العصور, ولهذه الظاهرة اثارها السلبية على مختلف جوانب الحياة السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية اذا كانت بمستويات عالية وشديدة، لذلك فقد كانت دائما محور الاهتمام والدراسة من قبل علماء الاقتصاد، مما ادى الى ظهور نظريات وافكار واراء مختلفة عن اسباب حدوثها وسبل معالجتها اذ تباينت المدارس الاقتصادية في افكارها وتوجهاتها للسيطرة على التضخم.الى جانب يعد الاقتصاد العراقي اقتصاد ريعي احادي الجانب يعتمد على تصديره للنفط كذلك مر العراق بحروب مدمرة كانت لها نتائج كارثية خلال فترة البحث(1990 - 2014) بدئا من حرب الكويت سنة(1990) ومن ثم العقوبات الدولية التي منعته من تصدير نفطة الذي يعتمد عليه في تمويل الانفاق العام واستيراد ابسط مقومات الحياة مما لجا العراق الى سياسة التمويل بالعجز وبعدها الحرب الامريكية علية سنة(2003) فتدمير البنية التحتية بشكل شبة كامل وصولا الى عدم اقرار الموازنة الاتحادية واجتياح المنظمة الارهابية المسمات بـ(بداعش) ارض الوطن سنة(2014) الى جانب حالة العوق الهيكلي التي يعاني منها الاقتصاد العراقي. وقد توصل البحث الى نتائج اهمها عدم وجود تاثير متبادل بين عرض النقد(M1) والرقم القياسي العام لاسعار المستهلك(CPI) الذي يمثل التضخم في العراق للفترة(1990 - 2014) وقد يرجع التضخم الى التشوهات الهيكلية التي يعاني منها الاقتصاد وكذلك لارتباط(M1) بالانفاق الحكومي, وايضا توصل البحث الى وجود تاثير متبادل وعلاقة لولبية دائرية وتغذية عكسية بين عرض لنقد(M1) والطلب على النقود(MD) مما يدفع كلاهما الاخر نحو الارتفاع.اضافة ان الزيادات الحاصة عرض النقد ان دلت على شيء فهيه تدل على عدم قدرة البنك المركزي على السيطرة على عرض النقد وذلك لارتباطه بمسارات الانفاق العام التي تحدده الحكومة المركزية, مما ذهب البنك المركزي الى استهداف التضخم بوساطة سعر الصرف بعد عام 2003 مما ادى الى الاضرار في القدرة التنافسية الدولية للعراق. | The search trend towards included most of the variables that surround the relationship between money supply and the phenomenon of inflation, along with discover the mutual movements between two parties of research (money supply, inflation), and find out what variable affects the other and how powerful this effect and nature. In addition to the discovery of internal trend in inflation, which raises prices on an ongoing basis through the identification of recurrent or (Feedback) from inflation to the money supply. Inflation phenomenon also is one of the oldest economic problems faced by mankind throughout the ages, but this phenomenon is negative on the various aspects of political, economic and social life of their effects if the high and severe levels, so it has always been the focus of attention and study by economists, leading to the emergence of theories and ideas and different views about the causes of occurrence and ways to address them as economic schools in its ideas and beliefs varied to control inflation. As well as the Iraqi economy is a one - sided prosaic economy depends on the export of oil as well as over the Iraq devastating wars have had disastrous results during the research period (1990 - 2014) starting from Kuwait War (1990) and then international sanctions that prevented it from exporting oil, which depends on it to finance public spending and import the most basic necessities of life which Iraq resorted to the financing policy of helplessness and after the US - led war in (2003), the destruction of infrastructure is almost entirely down to the lack of adoption of the federal budget and the invasion of the terrorist organization (ISIS) homeland in (2014) besides the case of structural handicap suffered by the Iraqi economy. The hypothesis of search is, that in spite of a major expansion of the money supply by inject the local currency in the Iraqi market after (2003) as increased budgets dramatically, increased government spending and increased salaries and wages, the inflation rate began to decline significantly since ( 2003) and to the present time. The research has come to the results such as lack of mutual effect between the money supply (M1) and general index of consumer prices (CPI), which represents inflation in Iraq for the period (1990 - 2014) the inflation Perhaps due to structural distortions that Iraq economy suffered by the economy as well as to link (M1) with government spending, as well as research found that there are reciprocal effect relationship spiral and circular feed counterproductive between the (M1) and demand for money (MD), forcing both of them upward. Adding that alopecia increases the money supply that has shown nothing Vhia demonstrates the lack of the central bank's ability to control money supply and it is linked to tracks public spending that determined by the central government, which the central bank went to the inflation targeting mediated by the exchange rate after 2003, resulting in damage to the international competitive ability of Iraq

التاثيرات السلبية للنفط والغاز في العراق للمدة 2003 - 2013 == The Negative Effects of Oil and Gas in Irag During (2003 - 2013)

اسم المؤلف: مصطفى عبد الله محمد
اسم المشرف: نبيل جعفر عبد الرضا المرسومي
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

التنمية وحقوق الانسان : دراسة حالة العراق (للمدة 2004 - 2012) == Development and Human Rights Iraq as a case Study for the period (2012 - 2004)

اسم المؤلف: عباس علي محمد
اسم المشرف: نبيل جعفر عبد الرضا المرسومي
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After intellectual evolution of the development in terms of its concept, Process and measurement indicators which is consistent with the current progress of human beings and countries. This evolution, however, is combined to shifts and international changes such as debt issue and financial crises, and then adopting reformation policies, and circumstances of globalization and its effect on the developing countries in particular. All these circumstances requested increasing and securing the requirements of welfare. In contrast, the emerge of current concept of human right within the global declaration framework of human rights in 1948, and its progress to deal with defending of human rights and its achievement. It embodied via increased number of declarations, covenants and conventions, and protocols issued and to be issued by the United Nations for securing a better life for humanity and its welfare, security and peace without any kind of segregation. Therefore, the consistent between development, as a social - economic process, and human rights as a privilege which people seek to obtain will be surest guarantee for the provision of various rights, especially economic, social and environmental rights. As well as development would not be achieved without respecting and protecting the human rights. Besides, the process of joining the development along with human rights system has a significant importance in change the style of beneficiaries from development as receivers of aids and outputs to human right owners. This means, the disruption and shortening of achieving the development indicators and its criteria would be subjected to accountability and evaluating by non - governmental and international organizations. Moreover, the availability of requirements of human needs represents enforceable commitments by the government and other linked institutions, where these needs became a right and privilege of individuals and communities and characterized in a legal dimension in achieving the developmental targets for obtaining the best indicators due to its linkage with human right agenda. However, the linkage between development and human right can lead to increasing level of dialogue and cooperation between individuals and society in one hand, and institutions that implement plans and developmental programs on the other hand. Hence, the priority is to consider all needs and work to achieve it without any ethnic, religious and geographical segregation. However, this reflects in the increase of level of justice of distribution of development output, which raise human well - being. As well as, this relationship will reduce the level of corruption and waste of development output as a result of expansion of concepts of rights and freedoms, which means increasing level of transparency and anti - corruption programs, also improving capacities that could achieve the welfare. In respect of Iraq, it is necessary to identify the level of convergence between the development and process of rights through presenting the achieved indicators limited by High Commissioner for Human Rights which is based on respecting human right representing by economic, social and environmental content. All these contents show a high need to improving its level in Iraq and mitigate the gap through the convergence between the planned developmental programs and the principles of human right. In order to achieve that, the study will measure a new indicator for development which it compatible with human rights based on a formulation used by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), however, the study added new indicators derived from the development process and pillars of human rights.

اثار المشاريع المائية التركية في العراق == The effects of Turkish water projects in Iraq

اسم المؤلف: اياد خلف علي العاقــول
اسم المشرف: عبد الرزاق يوسف نصر الله
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Water is the most important natural resources in the desert and semi - desert climate countries such as Iraq, because it controls the distribution of population and economic activities, especially the agricultural field, and thus is one of the most important pillars of national and food security.Iraq suffers from a water problem of internal and external factors, factors interior is increasing demand, due to population growth and the increasing requirements of economic development, as well as the climatic changes that are seeing more drought and scarcity of rain and high temperatures, and the intensification of evaporation, which increases the water wastage in agriculture , and the problems of water pollution to a large limits exceeded Standards set by the Iraqi state, because of the throw of the cities and factories of liquid wastes in rivers, as well as what caused the discharge of drainage water contaminated with chemicals and pesticides process coming from upstream countries or from local projects in Iraq and toxins, which constitutes threat to human and environmentally significant organisms of all kinds, and the external factors, they include policies upstream countries (Turkey), through the construction of dams and projects on the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates, the leading exporters of surface water in Iraq, as well as a decline in the quantity and quality of water received through the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, to levels that do not meet basic needs, which has become a threat to food security. Which requires on Iraq, to put effective strategies to address the water crisis, and reduce the negative effects on economic activities, social, environmental, and to achieve the Iraqi water security, through the development and management of water resources, and regional cooperation among the riparian states, and move at the international level, to force Turkey to abide by international conventions, for the exploitation of shared water basins, and the conclusion of the Convention on the division of water, to ensure the rights of Iraq gained, and to achieve stability and security in the region
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