اسم المؤلف:
ستار جليل عجيل
اسم المشرف:
علي صدام نصر الله الفريجي
المستخلص:
The Muwahdia state was built on the ruins of the Murabtian State and it became one of the greatest state in the Arabian west (AL - Maghrib).This state Flourished and expanded to vast areas extending from boundaries of Eggpt in the east to the Atlantic ocean in the west and from the Spanish kingdoms of Castalt, Lyon and Navara in the north down to the Green island south of Andulsia. Ibn Tomrat, the Founder of this state, thought of reforming the society and thus he started urging for the well - doing and forbidding enormitg. His political ambition, was in a way, behind that idea. Tus, he started adocating his ideas in the society some times by debating with the scholars and sometimes by pubhcalpy forbidding enormity which characterized society at that time. That led the different regimes to restrict his moves. As a result ,he escaped to protect himself and his followers to the strong forts in his birth town Agli in the remote high mountains where the Murabtians could not reach him. consequently, he disobeyed the Murabtians and declared himself belonging to the Mahdians. From that place, he started his wars till the time of his death. After him, the actual founder of those ideas, Abd Al - Mu'min Bin Ali Al - Kumi completed his mission who, after reinforcing his position in the Muwahdian state, he declared the rule as hereditary (Khilafah) after it was based on consultation.khalifa Abd Al - Mu'min did his best to place his sons in important posts in the state.As a result, we witnessed his distinguished role as the supreme master, a position that was reflected on his family after his death.This study 'Family of the Supreme Master Abi Hafs Omar Bin Abd Al - Mu'min and lts Role in the Muwahdian State' is based on the fact that he worked hard and took many steps to enable him make his sons inherit his rule (Khilafa). He appointed them as rulers of the provinces and declared his son Mohammad as crown prince.Those works gave the supreme master good opportunity to appear on the surface of events.so, the crown prince became the grand minister and took in his hands all the powers of the state.That also led his lorother to rule. Because ofall that ,he increased his authorities and enjoyed more powers that enabled him to advance to defeat some opponents of the state, the first of whom was the principality of lbn Mardnesh. During that, he also decided to go back to Al - Maghrib (countries of the Arabian west ) to hit with iron arms the opposing movements there.His work were useful for the state in all military, economic and constructional levels. The state witnessed many military developments and was able to fight the Christians in Andalusia both in land and in sea, a Fact that obliged them to ask for friendship and to conclude treaties with the state. Economically, there was notable increase in the financial returns which resulted in more constructions like building new mosques, bridges and palaces.By these steps, the supreme master politically paved the path for his sons to complete the same role after his death in supporting the Muwahdian Khalifas who were the reasons behind crowning Al - Mansur and his son Al - Nasir as well as Khalifa Al - Muntsir. Militarily, they were able to terminate some internal disturbances of mutiny and opposing the state and the law. Besides, they supported the Khalifa in his fighting of the Christians in Andalusia. The had a great role to maintain security and stability that resulted in notable economic and constructional development. Also, they ruled the important provinces in the state. One of them could even be vice Khalifa in the capital Marakish.After Khalifa Al - nasir fought the battle of punishment in Andalusia , it was clear that the state started to decline. That in turn, affected the political structure of the state. At that time, the state was ruled by ayoung wan (Al - Nasir) controlled by a minister and uncles who did not care for the state and only look after their personal interests. When the state became weak and there were those ambitious who wanted to rule as khalifas, grandsons of the supreme master constituted part of that struggle and they fought their cousin Abdullah Al - Bayasi and khalfa Al - wathiq. That struggle was omninous to the state. Thus, theeconomic structure of the state completely deteriorated both because of the wars and the plagues at that time.Besides, the door was fully open to those greedy men who wanted to rule the state. For example, the Hafsi state separated itself from the near Maghrib. In the middle Maghrib, Banu Zayyan appeared in the far Maghrib. That cut the state into parts till it fell down during the era of khalifa Al - wathiq by Banu Mareen. ln general, the reasons behind the fall of the state were already there since its first existence.
اسم المؤلف:
ذو الفقار فرحان حسين صالح
اسم المشرف:
عمار محمد كاظم فرج
المستخلص:
The province witnessed wide changes included social and economic conditions after the revolution July14, 1958 , which has worked to end the manifestations of underdevelopment and confirmed the application objectives of the revolution in terms of construction and development , and conduct qualitative changes through what happened to remember the achievements immortalized in history over the years , Although most of the academic studies and research started on the brigade did not deal with that time period, where it was an important turning at the level of the history of Major points. And the researcher most important achievements and historical events that came in the revolution of July 14, 1958 was divided into an introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion Highlights include the findings of the study. Researcher occur in the boot on the social and economic conditions in the period before the revolution confined between 1953 - 1958 in terms of the rural community and its components from the Senate and the feudal procurator , peasants and city community and migration from the countryside to the city, Eating for health and education situation and the obstacles they faced in spite of the effort made by the Board of ages , but he did not suffice. The economic situation has been confined to talk about the other side of the agricultural wealth , the industrial side represents a factor of milling plants and bricks and milk. The focus in the first chapter on the social conditions during the research period 1958 - 1963 province community in the city and countryside and religious composition , and the most important changes that have occurred after July 14 , and the most prominent of the laws and their impact on society in terms of the development of education and health institutions.And singled out the second chapter on the economic developments in the province 1958 - 1963 represented the agrarian reform law and what is the nature lands of province formations agrarian reform law and the application of the reform law by seizing land , pumps and the creation of peasant associations and constraints interface agrarian reform as problems seizure and distribution, and the impact of reform on the farmer law process and the most important irrigation projects that have worked on completion , and the migration of peasants to the cities and productivity developments.And ensure that the third quarter industrial situation and what are the industrial sectors that have spread them food industries and divided into private sector milling plants and sugar mills and plants in the dairy sector and the coefficient of sweets and plants for soft drinks Alekhala private sector and the coefficient of curry , and construction industries the brick industry and industry slab and plaster craft and private sector industries , which contains a collection of ancient primitive industries that rely on the skill of the workforce and industry the pipes and floor mats and weaknesses boats , And appeared in that period of Amara Industry Corporation in terms of establishment and the most important economic effects that resulted in its establishment as a laboratory bricks and commercial activity for internal and external trade , markets and smuggling trade and the chamber of commerce and transportation routes , river and land transportation.It turns out that the researcher historical period between the year 1958 - 1963 was marked advancement in the social and economic situation in the province of Amara, as a result of the big efforts provided and represented by the following results : 1 - Revolutionary government , particularly concentrated in Iraq in general and in the province of Amara on the conditions of the countryside and the suffering of underdevelopment and neglect at all levels , and the only way is to re - work in the organization and interest in peasant life in terms of the distribution of agricultural land and to provide the necessary farming inputs and work to end the control of the Senate Squires who became dominated by large areas of farmland , which is where the farmer lived the worst days of his life and the resulting continuous migration to the cities.2 - Revolutionary government sought through the issuance of the interim constitution , which included a set of laws aimed at Equality between the debtor 's sons and the countryside which eliminates tribal claims , as amended, which was roosting on the issuance of the poorer classes in the countryside, and the issuance of Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 , which is the turning point of the community law countryside by identifying agricultural areas and distributed to farmers , but this law has encountered great difficulties in the province because of limited resources and pressures Squires resulted in the deterioration of agricultural production and increasing migration of peasants to the cities.3 - The province entered a new phase after the revolution of July 14, 1958 was characterized by freedom of expression and the establishment of political parties and mass of organizations supporting role Authority attempt to ensure the success of the goals of the revolution especially with Provisions of laws that achieve the principle of justice between workers and owners of crafts , but it faced the ambitions of political parties and conflict Remote competition the objectives and principles of the revolution , which called for them because the conditions of the community began to go wrong.4 - Social structure of the community in various religions was and still reflect the extent of cohesion and unity among the members of the society have prevailed more in support of the revolution July 14 through their participation in the holidays , events and organizations to join the Republic.5 - The reality of education improvement in the province after the July 14 and the evolution of a lot because of the efforts made by the Provincial region represented Executor Abdul Hadi Saleh, who is widely credited with the completion of most of the projects in the province , especially the development of the educational sector , and make it compatible with the new phase characterized by changes on all social and economic levels.
