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مقومات رسم السياسة العامة في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية == The Elements Of Drawing The Public Policy In United States Of America
Author name:
استبــرق فاضــل شعيــر الشمــري
Supervisor name:
اكرم عبد الله الجميلي
General topic:
Political Science
Specific topic:
Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree:
Master
University:
Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
14T713 - p.pdf
Abstract:
This thesis was devoted to study the political system in the U.S.A. in some details. First of all, we should comprehend that the structure of the political regime in U.S.A. and the social, cultural, economic and Technical structure basis all add to the American general policy both external and internal its own characteristics. We should remember that U.S.A was founded as a federation among group of states by a ‘‘ contract ’’ through which the states weaved part of their independence on behalf of the central authority. Undoubtedly, the American political system is rigid and stable one, in spite of the particularity of American society as mixture of nationalities, and in spite of the economic and social transformations through which U.S.A. passed. The study tackled the official institutions of the American political system , represented by ( legislative Institution ) , ( executive institution ) and ( the juridical Institution ). The thesis also tackled the unofficial instituticul like ( political parties ) , ( the lobbies ) and ( public opinions ). In addition , we tackled the American thinking and opinion institutions , and then we tackled these institutions as effective powers in the process of drawing the American general policy.It is noted that the institutions in essence are only continually - held conferences made in bargaining operations and continuous effectiveness in the context of critical, retrieval relationships and that each institution represents certain attitudes and interests, though they are less ideological and restricted to inclusive national standards. It is noticeable that the process of drawing the general policy in the U.S.A. is a bargain logic based on the external and internal American general policies. The American regime is institutional regime. The legislative authority contains several attitudes, directions, interests and objectives, it is a multiple authority with the full sense of the word, and it cannot issue legislation unless after subjecting to many influences like the surrounding environment and after entering in bargain interactions ends with issuing legislation suits the different influences and powers. Thus, it turns out that bargain is regarded crucial to legislate the most general policies. It is noted that although the American political regime is based on the principle of separating authorities , there is domination by the executive authority over the rest authorities. That can be seen clearly through granting the American Consisiution the president the veto right over the draft laws, and we see that the president coexists inside the congress through brining forwards draft laws by the supporters in the same party. Also, through his deputy that heads the House of Senates that share the same attitudes and ideas. As for justice, there is no country in the world in which justice plays a vital role in like it is in U.S.A. ( whether on the local or national level ). They play a vital role in interpreting the general policy. Courts gain this role through their authorities represented in the judicial references. That is the role of powers in drawing the general policies. As for the unofficial powers, we find that the political party in the U.S.A. is based on the party duality that affects the drawing of general policy in U.S.A. That effect is manifested through the competition between the tow parties clearly about the issues of prosperity and programme and what relates to the employment legislation and the regulations of commercial projects and others However, the role of these parties in has retreated in drawing the general policy for the benefit of the new actors i.e. the lobbies. These lobbies often use a certain pattern of objectives and attitudes and practices their abilities in order to push the governmental general polices towards adopting these attitudes. Their abilities depend on the extent of their effectiveness and realism in presentation. These lobbies have since developed their means of effecting on the official authorities that each seems to have the full authority and power to be reflected positively on the strategy of them in their effect on congress and the executive authority , or perhaps the courts to compensate any deficiency that might effect their abilities as well as effecting the parties and public opinion. The public opinion has a great and tangible effect in drawing the general policy that it occupies a basic status inside the political field as regarded one of the important component of the American policy by looking at it as an effective element factor in taking decisions. Elections and polls are regarded a way of achieving an important status to the pubic opinion and its role in the political process, as regarded the general frame that the crystallization and determining of public policy depend on. Finally, I should point out to the important role which the opinion and thinking institutions play, that they are practicing different types of power on several stages in drawing the general policy. The basic element in doing that is the possession the database. Undoubtedly , that these institutions have presented a valuable contributions in the American policy both internal and external. The official and unofficial powers take part in the process of drawing the general policy, due to the nature of American political regime is open and may attract the public opinion in order to make the issue of the remarkable influence in society. Therefore, the inputs of political regimes remains in the work and cannot be stopped, some may attain power that can threaten the government as whole and put them in a dilemma either to response quickly and take the decisions that may involve the government in troubles. An example is what happened during the invasion of Iraq , that the American administration put itself in this dilemma. It is now obliged either to take a bold decision of withdrawal or remain exposed to criticism and defamation, which is the reason of the losses they are enduring in Iraq.
