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منظمة المؤتمر الاسلامي وموقفها من قضيتي كوسوفو والبوسنة والهرسك 1989 - 1999 == The Organization of Islamic Conference and its Attitude towards the Issues of Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1989 - 1999)
Author name:
نورس غصاب عبود المعالي
Supervisor name:
غانم نجيب عباس
General topic:
History
Specific topic:
Modern and Contemporary History
Degree:
Master
University:
Al-Muthanna University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Muthanna
First pages:
11T3278 - p.pdf
Abstract:
The Organization of the Islamic Conference is considered as one of the most important international organizations .It is the second largest international organization after the United Nations. The establishment of the Organization of Islamic Conference came after several initiatives and invitations by Muslim leaders and scholars in response to the fragmentation and division of the Islamic countries. The Organization of the Islamic Conference is based on the belonging to the Islamic religion and not on a geographical, political or economic basis, like other organizations. It aims at achieving unity and religious solidarity among Muslim countries. Its membership includes most of the Islamic or Muslim - majority countries as it includes in its membership fifty - seven countries representing one third of the members of the United Nations. It is important to shed light on it and its attitudes which are considered as important in the international forums. In order to know and understand this organization, it is necessary to study its origins, objectives, principles and development, and to study how it dealt with the Islamic issues that emerged on the international scene. Therefore, the researcher has chosen it as a subject matter for this thesis under the title 'The Organization of Islamic Conference and its attitude towards the issues of Kosovo and Bosnia - Herzegovina 1989 - 1999'.The reason behind choosing the issues of Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina is that they were major crises and wars that the world witnessed after World War II. In addition, The Kosovo and Bosnia - Herzegovina crisis took place for a number of reasons, foremost of which were ethnic and religious conflicts as Islamic represents the religion of the majority in Kosovo and the highest percentage of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both the region and the republic sought independence just like the rest of the republics of the Yugoslav Union that got independence after the collapse of the Union. Both Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina were subjected to ethnic cleansing and abuses that affected Muslims in the region and the Republic because of their desire for independence and here comes the importance of the study in that it carries many religious, political dimensions and other needs to study and research. Thus, the researcher has chosen these two issues to study and identify the attitude of the Organization of Islamic Conference towards them.Concerning the designation of 1989 as the beginning of the study, as it is the year in which the Kosovo Albanians lost their autonomy since the 1974 Constitution by the Republic of Serbia ,and 1999 as the end of the study as it is the year in which all international endeavors and initiatives to end the Kosovo war have ended. Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina, its events took place within that period, i.e. from 1992, the date of the outbreak of the war, to the date of the implementation of the Dayton Agreement.In the light of this, the thesis was divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and some conclusions that included the most important results of the study. TheBpreface deals with Islamic Solidarity and Islamic Conferences that preceded the formation of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the reasons that led to the establishment of the Organization. The first chapter examines the Organization of the Islamic Conference , its structure and its relations with the other organizations. The first chapter includes four sections : the first section focuses on the establishment of the organization, the second section deals with its organizational structure, while the third section investigates the relationships of the organization with the other international organizations, and the fourth section previews the attitudes of the Organization towards some Islamic issues.Chapter two is devoted to the attitude of the Organization towards the issue of Kosovo from 1989 to 1999. This chapter is divided into three sections : The first section includes a general study on the Republic of Yugoslavia and the region of Kosovo, the second section deals with the attitude of the Organization towards the crystallization of the Kosovo crisis of 1989 - 1998, while the third section focuses on its attitude towards Kosovo war of 1998 - 1999.The third chapter deals with the attitude of the Organization of the Islamic Conference towards the issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1996. This chapter is divided into three sections : the first section deals with the historical roots of the issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the second section focuses on the attitude of the Organization towards the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1993, and the third section is concerned with the attitude of the Organization towards the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Dayton Agreement from 1994 - 1996.In spite of the researcher's reliance on various sources of Arabic and foreign documents and books as well as academic studies, the researcher encountered difficulties in obtaining foreign documents, especially the Yugoslav documents from their sources, as well as the lack of our libraries to the primary sources of these events, as well as the lack of sources specifically (documents) that are related to the attitude of the Organization towards the Kosovo issue, as it is a contemporary historical issue.The most important conclusions reached in this study is the success of the Islamic countries through coordination and cooperation among themselves to put forward the idea of Islamic solidarity in the field of reality. The Organization of the Islamic Conference was established at the international level as a regional organization dealing with Islamic countries in order to meet the challenges facing the Islamic countries . After several years, the Organization was able to present itself as an Islamic unit, lead the Islamic countries, and respond to the issues facing the Islamic nation, including the Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina issues. Through its conferences and decisions, the organization sought to support the issue of Kosovo Muslims and provided diplomatic and political support for the Kosovo issue as well as the financial support that is represented by aids provided by the Organization and its member states to the Muslim people in Kosovo. TheCOrganization paid much attention to the issue as it included it in its agenda and formed a special team to follow developments in the region. The attitude of the Organization towards the issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina was stronger than the one towards Kosovo as the later was a region related to the republic of Serbia and this is an internal issue. On the other hand, Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the republics of Yugoslavia.In Bosnia and Herzegovina, several internal and external factors caused the situation to be deteriorated and caused the outbreak of war. The religious factor was one of the most important reasons. Bosnia included the Muslims who constituted the largest proportion of the country. Thus, this issue was included in the agenda of the Organization , and its members made individual and collective efforts to end the crisis, and those efforts proved their response to these events and resulted in good results. The Organization succeeded in presenting the issue to various international forums. A special commission for Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed, known as the Contact Group, which made great efforts to serve this issue both within and outside the United Nations
