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تثاقف طرز العمارة في العراق : عمارة مساكن النخبة خلال حقبة الحكم العثماني المتاخر (1830 - 1917) == Acculturation of Architectural Styles In Iraq Architecture of The Elite Houses During The Late Ottoman Rule (1830 - 1917)
Author name:
بريزات قاسم حسين فهمي
Supervisor name:
اريج كريم مجيد السدخان
General topic:
Architecture
Specific topic:
Architecture Engineering
Degree:
Doctorate
University:
University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Architecture
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
42T310 - p.pdf
Abstract:
Culture is defined as a world view of a nation or a group.This world view is reflected in values and styles of life and activities specific to that nation or group. Architecture, on the other hand, is considered one of the most distinctive fields for the expression of these views. Architecture, then is a manifestation of culture and at the same time a reflection of it.Generally different propositions show that culture changes because of many factors, and acculturation has emerged out of important operations which lead to cultural change as a result of contact between different societies or cultures.Since the cultural environment with its varying effects plays a major role in the formulation of architectural products, and owing to the increase in awareness all over the world in culture and cultural process such as acculturation and scarcity of architectural research on such topics at both Arab and local levels, it is felt that there is a need for a study on acculturation and architecture as a general topic for research.From a review of literature on acculturation and architecture during different historical periods, it becomes obvious that acculturation is always related to architecture and has effect on it and plays a role in formulating its styles wherever there was cultural contact between two or more cultures.It has become clear also that architectural products in Iraq were not immune to the effects of acculturation during the time period of Iraq came into contact with other cultures among which was ottoman _Turkish Culture. The research specific topic is, thus, defined by acculturation and architectural styles during the ottoman rule in Iraq.After the literature on the topic under consideration is reviewed, the research problem is defined as follows : There is need for knowledge to explore the nature, study and analyze of acculturation in architecture in general, and to specify its results at the level of house architecture style in Baghdad city during the late Ottoman rule in Iraq. The research aim is defined by : 1 - formulation of a more comprehensive framework of acculturation in such a way as to define its nature in architecture, study, and analyze it at the level of anyarchitecture especially at the house architecture style level. 2 - Formulation of an analytical, comparative and detailed system to study the results of acculturation at the house architecture style level. 3 - Identifying the results of acculturation at the house architecture style level during the late Ottoman rule in Iraq. This item covers a definite detailed aim represented by identifying the results of acculturation at the level of surface structure of the style of the elite houses architecture during the late Ottoman reign in Iraq.The research procedure is represented by the following steps : First, building a theoretical framework on acculturation in architecture based on previous architectural studies which are dealt with the concept, whether directly or indirectly, and support it by current propositions on the subject obtained from fields other than architecture. In addition the frame work is reinforced by studies on culture (the concept dimensions related to acculturation and architecture). All the previous steps should be accomplished so that the nature of acculturation in architecture in general can be further explored, and acculturation could be studied, analyzed and its results identified particularly at the level of house architecture style. Second, studying the dimensions and aspects of the concept of style in architecture and its relation with the concept of acculturation so that indicators and vocabularies of theoretical framework of acculturation in architecture are supported. No doubt, this will help the study of acculturation results at the level of house architecture style. Third, concluding the nature of acculturation in architecture, and the main indicators in its study and analysis (that is theoretical framework in its final detailed from). In addition a comparative and detailed system should be put forward to study the results of acculturation on the style of house architecture resulting from acculturation. Fourth, empirical study should be made to identify the results of acculturation on the level of style of house architecture in Baghdad during the late ottoman rule and to specify the application main requirements. Fifth, drawing and analyzing the results. Finally, drawing the final conclusions.The concluded theoretical framework has shown two fundamental points. They are the nature of acculturation in architecture and its most important indicators to study and analyze acculturation in architecture. As for the first dimension, it includes the following twoitems : definition of acculturation in architecture, and the path and stages of acculturation proses in architecture. The second dimension covers indicators to study and analyze acculturation in architecture which includes the following branch indicators : cultural indicators of contacted groups, communication indicators which lead to acculturation results, acculturation proses indicators, and acculturation results indicators. Moreover, an analyzing comparative and detailed system has been suggested, consisting of five stages to identify the results on the level of the house architectural style in its final detailed form.On the other hand, the empirical study involves the study of acculturation results at the level of the style of houses architecture of two types of elites : Iraqi origin and Turkish origin which existed in Baghdad during the late Ottoman rule in Iraq 1830 - 1917 AD. The Ottoman rule of Iraq lasted about five centuries and ended with end of First World War.After the basic application requirements are stated, the practical study and result analysis are done and a number of conclusions are drawn. The conclusions are divided into two groups. The first one deals with the theoretical part, so the research, In general, was able to reach to a theoretical formula which is more accurate, comprehensive, and obvious about the nature of acculturation in architecture so that it can be studied and analyzed better than the previous knowledge. In addition the research was able to introduce a system for analysis of architectural styles which is comparatively more comprehensive than previous analytical systems. The second group is concerned with the practical study in which the research was able in general to put forward a set of detailed conclusions, but it was generally possible to reach a summary of acculturation results resulting from the long term and comprehensive cultural contact between Iraqi and Turkish Ottoman cultures at the level of architectural style of elite houses in Baghdad during the late Ottoman rule of Iraq. These results are represented by energetic maintenance of the main characteristics of the architectural identity of the style of the elite houses architecture. However this maintenance began to decline (the start of medium sized maintenance) beginning at the end of the period studied. The superficial characteristics of the architectural identity were a field in which interaction, effect and cultural exchange of medium depth took place during the period studied.
