تخطيط وعمارة المشهد الكاظمي حتى نهاية العصر العثماني 1337هـ/1918م == Planning and landscape architecture Kazimi Until the end of the Ottoman era
Author name:
سليمان حسين محمود الفراجي
Supervisor name:
زين العابدين موسى جعفر ال جعفر
General topic:
Archeology
Specific topic:
Islamic Antiquities
Degree:
Doctorate
University:
University of Baghdad - College Of Literature
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
12T175 - p.pdf
Abstract:
Kadhmiya shrine formed the first nuclei of a city known by the name of Kadhmiya which took its sacredness from the religious factor which is its raison d’etre. The city of Kadhmiya attracted many people who live near the shrine and in the nearby sectors like the land of Um Jaafar. Some of them took the businesses that are associated with the shrouding of the dead and burying them or those who serve the pilgrims and provide food and shelter for them. The cemeteries of Quriesh have become in the time of Al - Hamawi (died in 626/1228) a circled city and there are many people.2. The Kadhmiya shrine is regarded as one of the hallmarks of the planning of the city of Baghdad because Imam Kadhum (PBUH) was buried in the cemetery of the Quriesh which is part of the Little Shwenzi that the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafaar Al - Mansour (136 - 158 A.H./ 754 - 775 A.C.) to make it a cemetery for the Hashemite. The fate has it that the older son Jafaar ben Abi Jafaar Al - Mansour (150 A.H. / 767 A.C.) who occupy the position of the emir of Mosul on which a dome was built on the shrine to be the first shrine in the Islamic history.3. The historical sources did not show the form of construction above the tomb of Imam Mousa Al - Kadhum (PBUH) and only mentioned the place of his burial. His holy shrine is near the shrine one of the Noflians. It is believed that the shrine of Imam Kadhum has attracted the attention since burial near thebQuriesh cemetery mostly his dome was made of timber above after his burial.4. The holy shrine passed through various architectural developments that acquired the attention of the most caliphs and the sultans and kings to ruled Iraq until the day.5. The events of the year (443 / 1051) formed the turning point in the expansion of the Kadhmiya shrine and most likely the event formed new beginning for the building of this shrine. Most of the shrines including Jafaar ben Abi Jafaar Al - Mansour’s shrine were subjected to a fire. Most likely the only shrine that was built is the shrine of Mousa Al - Kadhum and his grandson’s Mohammed Al - Jawad (UBUT). This shrine meant a great to the Shiite who dwelt in the karakh. That means it acquired more area for expansion of the shrine of Kadhmiya. Perhaps, the construction of the shrine included building of two domes one for Imam Kadhum and the other for his grandson Al - Jawad.6. The structure of the sacred Kadhmiya shrine and the Safavid which persists until this day goes back to the era of the Safavid rule of Iraq. The old building was removed and new one was formed based an order by the Sultan Ismael Al - Safawi in (914/1508), it ended in (936/1530), i.e. in the reign of his son Tahamasib (930 - 984 / 1524 - 1576). The process continued so that the holy shrine took it final form in the year (1332/1914), i.e. before the end of the Ottoman in few years. The Ottoman existence in Iraq (1335/1917).7. The Kadhmiya shrine preserved to us samples of the Arab calligraphy that was used during the time. The Thulth or tripleccalligraphy used in writing the memorial tape which is 70 meter long. This was the most important development of this calligraphy on the Iranian style of the Safavid era it tends to dents, i.e. extending the letters’ upper part to the above.8. The Arabic Islamic architecture depended in choosing the suitability of the planning, in addition to the consideration of the climatic circumstances and the necessary elements of architecture. That is manifested in the planning and architectural element and the materials used in the Kadhmiya shrine. It reflects the development Islamic Arab architecture attained in Iraq at the end of the Ottoman era.9. The architect used the shoulders to great extent in building the Kadhmiya shrine. Perhaps, the sizes of the domes which crown the hall of the Kadhmiya shrine require big pillars to receive the pulling which it is subjected to. They are important in the thing poles. It was natural for the architects to think of problem to find the suitable support.10. The Kadhmiya shrine is characterized by the existence of many minarets that surround the corners of the Kadhmiya shrine, while four minarets in the hall of the holy Kadhmiya shrine. The Kadhmiya shrine is unique and mostly contains two minarets that surround the main large space of the mosque.11. The architect based in distributing the structural units on the tomb hall and the surrounding porticos surrounding it which is regarded as the process of distributing the other structural buildings. The holy Kadhmiya shrine is surrounded by an open portico around the holy garden.d12. The Kadhmiya shrine is characterized from the other religious shrines in the painting of bird on ceramic tiles within botanic subdivisions some of them peacocks on the open portico. Dr. Abdul - Aziz Hamid thinks that these paintings refer to purity. Unfortunately, these paintings were removed were replaced by botanic removals.13. The Kadhmiya shrine contains two big domes that crown each of the tombs of the Imams (PBUH). The domes were characterized by the pointed swollen shape which is the means of architecture from which the architect aims at increasing the awe and glamor of the dome. It was also characterized by the double domes which the external shape is different from the internal shape, and the shape of the internal dome is flat that are not above the level of the external walls of this part of the building. The two domes were decorated with golden bricks and from inside the mirrors were used and it includes the geometric and botanic units and verses of the holy book of Allah. I think the mirror a piece in the decoration of the two domes was not for decoration but to provide the greatest lighting possible.14. The Kadhmiya shrine is characterized by the existence of three big roofing that preceded by porticos and the eastern and western walls that characterize the roof of the qibla wall in the pillar.15. The Kadhmiya shrine includes a great number of porticos and huge walls that penetrate a number of entrances of the shrine which does not exist in the nearby shrines.e16. The Kadhmiya shrine is like the other shrine subjected to the maintenance and renovations like the removal of the two pillars which lie inside the holy shrine which means the removal of part of the writing tape that amount for the 70 meters, and then severing the tape that would lead to damage. One of the works that I cannot find justification for is the removal of the ceramic tiles which represent animal figures. It was one of the features of the Kadhmiya shrine.17. Also, the boxes of the tomb were removed in 2008. These boxes are the remains of the Safavid era in Iraq which were made in (926/1519) and were replaced by new boxes donated by Iran in the Kadhmiya shrine made in (1365 H).From the above we found the importance of the Holy Kadhmiya shrine for its content of the planning and architectural as well as the decoration elements that tell the story of the Islamic architecture that the ages went through since of its decline. Therefore, I think it is necessary that the archaeological shrines should be subjected to specialist professional in the field to maintain this site.
Summary:
12T175 - A.pdf
References:
12T175 - R.pdf
