ضمانات الديمقراطية التمثيلية في دستور جمهورية العراق 2005 : دراسة مقارنة == The Guarantees Of Representative Democracy In The Constitution Of The Republic Of Iraq In 2005 Comparative Study
Author name:
نور ليث مهدي
Supervisor name:
مهند ضياء عبد القادر
General topic:
Law
Specific topic:
Constitutional Law
Degree:
Master
University:
Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
13T1517 - p.pdf
Abstract:
Obviously the term (democracy) which become more usable In abundance nowadays not early , but it is one of the oldest politics term , which below to compound Greek word which means( people rule) ethnic and other Greek cities ,since 6century BC , ordered by which known by direct democrat ,clearly by men meeting (without women) in public square , and they supposed rules and voting on it.nowadays knows by (Legislature), chosen individuals from them to owns the progress what have been agreed means (Executive power)It is known that Greece philosophers as (Plato) and (Aristotle) Criticized aggressively that way of democrat, and describe it by the judge of ignorance , Riffraff , Rabbles. and they called for the judge of Philosophers and wise people, and it is a kind which applied in the first Roman era and the aristocracy controlled the judge.The original aspect of democracy (people rule) didn’t get back its shine only after passed several centuries of time, and it embraced by the west as a reaction to face the feudal organizations which was characterized by the tyranny and oppression of peoples, and the development of method practices of democratic rule according to the development of societies which was adopted the democracy as approach of its political system, over the last three decades, a powerful governments in Latin America, eastern Europe had fell and the Soviet Union has collapsed, this fall was also says (Francis Fukuyama) did not give way in all cases, for a stable liberal democracies and which remain only in look of political hope that extended to include different regions and cultures worldwide.Fukuyama thinks that the Liberal democracy is a sign of the end of the day for the ideological evolution of mankind and represent the final version of the system of human rule.Regardless of what surrounds the former opinion of exaggeration in evangelization in the concept of cosmic and final of liberal democracy, the policies development which has known by the most of the countries is moving in the direction of expanding the participation of people in managing their own affairs this so - called democratization, and this development was varies from one area to another in the world, which moved in Latin America and Eastern Europe comparing with the most third world countries including the west and Arabs countries which subject to different systems but still unite to move away - even if with varying relative - We conclude from the foregoing that the will of the people is the core of a democratic system and the reference to determine the public options so it's not enough for a democratic system , a constitution regulates the authorities in the State , institutions to represent the citizens and the laws that allow of multiple parties which states of press freedom because the mechanisms and manifestations which are not common in the democratic societies in addition it may remain empty content but merely interfaces formality does not reflect the true implications of democracy on the ground which does not achieve but the availability a set of basic guarantees , it is possible to say that the democracy has a basis , this guarantees includes individual and collective freedom , pluralism , partisan , periodic elections , the devolution of power , the separation of power , independence of the judiciary , the existence of corporate , politically responsible government , to ensure that minority rights , the rule of law , freedom of the press, assembly, demonstration and media. the multiplicity and diversity of these guarantees are the subject of our study , it must be placed under the general headlines , each address head line shall have a set of guarantees , because the constitutions includes two most important aspects in the regulation of power and its competence as well as the individuals and their rights, so the constitutional guarantees will be sandwiched between the two sides and therefore we divide our subject to preliminary study preceded by an introduction and, the first preliminary study talk about what is the democracy , the first chapter talk about the study of constitutional guarantees of authority , the second chapter talk about the constitutional guarantees of democracy that regards individuals study and finally we includes the research with conclusion of the importance results and proposals. In according to the democratic rule that established on the public rival and the right of participating , this two principles considered a basic of societies democracy , in the same time any regime in the modern world cannot reach to the professional democracy society that represented the utmost political competition and public participation , GORG SORENSON adds to the two mentioned principles the civil freedoms in addition to REMOND KASTEL who sees that the freedom has a special important in the democracy and the applicable level of the democracy system is different depending on the different of political and civil rights. The predominant trend in the modern Western thought is that the Democratic term used to identify a political system and it should be a separation between matters which are called economic and social democracy and talking about the subject of the installation of the state apparatus, because the difference between the systems in the political dimensions of democracy that have nothing to do with a degree difference in the economic and social dimensions and between the owners of this trend Larry Diamond and Joan liter and Abzat believes that these democratic government system combines three basic conditions : first comprehensive competition between individuals and parties to fill all the important positions in the government and in the non - spaced intervals and without the use of force, second the high degree of political participation in the selection of leaders and policies through fair elections at regular intervals and are not or could not exclude any major political group and Third degree of freedoms political and civil that be enough to ensure the safety of the competition, participation and politics. No matter how many definitions of democracy it was about the fundamental principle implies that people are taking their own destiny is the one who chooses his rulers and watching them and change them possesses the authority has devoted this principle Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the tenth of December 1948, where Article him that 1 - everyone has the right to participation in the administrative of the public affairs of the town whether direct or by representative choose with freedom 2 - each person equally with others has the right to tradition the jobs in the town. 3 - the will of the people is the goal of the authority , this will must be manifested this will through fair elections periodically conducted by universal suffrage and equality among voters and by secret vote or by equivalent free voting.A general definition of democracy, we say as a political system is determined by the basic rules of sublime called the Constitution allows every citizen, men and women the right to equality and participation in the management of public affairs by their nomination for the general election or their elections to those who represent them in the implementation of political, economic, social and cultural options after reviewing the programs Law The measures proposed by competing political bodies through free and fair elections take place on a regular basis and serve as the authority by which voters are able to test between the approval of the continuation of the same trends and programs or changed if the public saw it in their best interest. The practice of democracy is not one form of constant does not change, but varies from one country to another, according to the traditions, cultures and methods include the expression of public will and the methods for electing the representative institutions and working methods and means of monitoring the work of the authorized authorities referred to differences direct measure of the affair public is that no matter how many differences, they remain within the scope of the democratic system if it does not conflict with the fundamental principle of this based on ensuring the people's power to choose their rulers and having the system reins because respect for this principle in theory, legally and practically is what distinguishes the democratic system of other systems.
