مؤشرات الاستدامة في عملية التنمية الاقتصادية في العراق == Sustainability Indicators In The Economic Development Process In Iraq
Author name:
عماد خليل عيدان الشجيري
Supervisor name:
فوزي حسين الحديثي
General topic:
Administration and Economics
Specific topic:
Economy
Degree:
Doctorate
University:
University of Baghdad - Faculty Of Administration And Economics
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
07T3905 - p.pdf
Abstract:
There is a close relationship between the environment and development in that balanced development leads to environment preservation and a healthy environment is considered strength for the economy. However; since many political and economic systems ignore this relationship and urgently try to increase economic growth rates during the post era of World War II without considering the importance of such relationship had resulted in many issues especially the issue of (global warming, environmental pollution, natural resources depletion). This was a logical outcome for ignoring environmental factors and not merging them with economic and social factors when establishing policies, plans, and development programs. This in turn made many countries to pay increased attention to this matter and attempting to combine this environmental variable into development planning to the point where this variable became the determinant of success or failure of development plans and programs. Nothing is more indicative of such attention more than the proceeding of the earth summit conference that was held in Johannesburg in 1992 that called for the importance of integrating the environmental dimension within the fundamental dimensions of sustainable development. Despite all of that, many countries continued ignoring this variable for political and economic reasons when they plan their economic policies and of course the Iraqi planner was one that ignored this variable. Despite all the circumstances that Iraq has gone through which necessitate paying attention to this matter by policy makers; the environmental dimension was not part of development plans and programs for many years. This in turn had clear negative environmental, social, and economic consequences. This is not just due to an ineffective legislative system which tried to address such issues early through establishing laws and instructions that fix many environmental issues; but also the enforcement side of it or (oversight) was not present and was not matched with the enormous impact of crisis that environmental dimension suffered in Iraq. What further exacerbated those impacts was the absence of public awareness about environmental issues which lead to empty legislations. After 2003 and as a result of all the political, economic, and social changes represented by changing the regime and the changes in the way the economy was run where it went from an administration that is uses the central planning to an administration that is based on market economy in administration. In addition to the economic and environmental impacts that resulted from economic and development plans and programs and the policies of the previous regime before 2003 which also had consequences on many political, economic, and social aspects in Iraq after 2003. Nothing better indicates more than the retreat that happened in growth rates in most economic aspects, and the exacerbated environmental impacts represented in prevalence of intractable diseases, and bleeding and depletion of natural resources and expansion of desertification areas. This currently requires the necessity of adopting priorities in the process of merging environmental, economic, and social factors within the policies and plans and programs of development intended to be adopted after the change that happened in Iraq especially Iraq needs comprehensive construction and reconstruction for all economic sectors; this will be preceded with an evaluation and rehabilitation for its capabilities and especially its economic, social, and human resources because that is the essence and means of development. This objectives of this process should not be limited to achieving sustainable development through harmony and alignment of those three dimensions nor should those objectives be limited to the success of plans and programs of intermediate economic development; instead, this process should inspire to find the real position of Iraq as a country that possess an abundance of development resources that could help in making Iraq within developed countries. This is what this study inspired to address through focusing on the importance of establishing the ideal relationship between environment and economic development, and present the economic and development, and environmental reality of Iraq either before or after 2003. And then, identify the limitations in such reality via the study of some economic, social, and environmental indicators and ultimately hoping to adopt moderate economic, social, and environmental policies which the researcher believes would play a role in finding some kind of harmony and alignment between the requirements of the economic development and the requirements of finding a clean environment where the current and future generation could enjoy.
