التكاليف الاجتماعية لبرامج الاصلاح الاقتصادي في البلدان النامية مع اشارة خاصة للعراق == The Social Costs of The Economical Reforming Programs In The Developing Countries (With A Specific Reference To Iraq)
Author name:
هيثم حسون حطيمان الجليباوي
Supervisor name:
جليل كامل غيدان الجبوري
General topic:
Administration and Economics
Specific topic:
Economy
Degree:
Master
University:
Mustansiriyah University
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
07T4306 - p.pdf
Abstract:
عانت جميع البلدان النامية من مشكلة الاختلالات الهيكلية نتيجة لسوء ادارة السياسات الاقتصادية التي تبنتها تلك البلدان في ظل عملية التنمية الاقتصادية وبالاخص بعد ظهور ازمة المديونية الخارجية عام 1982، لذا فقد عمدت اغلب البلدان النامية الى تطبيق برامج الاصلاح | The developing Countries suffered from Structural Imbalances because of the Economical Maladministration that adopted by these countries under the shade of the Economical development Process Specially after the occurrence of the Abroad indebtedness in 1982,so most of the developing countries be taken to apply the Economical Reforming program by agreeing with the two Britain woods organization represented by(International Monitory Fund and International Bank) to end these Imbalances. When these program were applied, many problems showed up with social nature related to the life of Developing societies individuals represented as costs paid by the poor individuals in the society of limited income such as unemployment, poverty and bad distribution of income with low public spending for the Health and Education Sectors. The importance of this research to clarify and answering some questions such as : - Did the Economical Reforming programs achieved their Goals that emerged for it? - Did the developing Countries got benefit of applying the Economical Reforming programs and focus on the negative sides of this program represented by the Social cost for the Economical Reforming programs. The research started relying on the hypothesis that the Economical Reforming programs that applied in many developing countries has a negative results reflected on the reality of society individuals. The Research is divided in four chapters. The first chapter discussed the conceptual frame for the social cost and Economical Reforming during two themes, the first one discussed the social costs and their indicators, and the second theme discussed the Essence of Economical Reforming. Chapter two discussed the Social costs for the Reforming program in Egypt by two themes. The first theme discussed the reality of Egypt Economy before applying the Economical Reforming, and the second theme discussed the reality of Egypt Economy. Third chapter discussed the social costs for the Economical Reforming program in Jordan through two themes. The first theme discussed the reality of Jordan Economy before applying the Economical Reforming program ,and the second theme discussed the reality of Jordan Economy after applying the Economical Reforming. Chapter four discussed the social costs for the Economical Reforming program in Iraq through two themes. The first theme discussed the reality of Iraq Economy before applying the Economical Reforming program ,and the second theme discussed the reality of Iraq Economy after applying the Economical Reforming. The research reached to many conclusions such as enable the Capital Countries to direct the policy of Macroeconomic for the developing countries fit with their interests with help of Britain Wood Organizations. The most countries that applied the Economical Reforming program were obliged for that choice Although of the negatives that were expected. The policy of Privatization lead to the increase of unemployment, and this policy is considered one of the conditions to apply the Reforming program. Also, the policy of Austerity to decrease the expenditure rate in Health and Education sectors ,in addition to the negatives of the previous two political policies that had lead to the appearance of poverty and bad distribution of the National income.Also, the financial corruption lead to deepen the negative effects that had resulted from applying the Economical Reforming programs. The Research recommended to rely on the selective option to choose the Reforming programs according to the Social and Economical Conditions that are available for these countries, and Re - consider with agreements that had signed between the developing countries and International Institutes that sponsor for the Reforming programs. Supporting the foreign investment in the Sectors that attract the labors. Supporting the Governmental Loans for the small projects and the medium one, and activate the law of retirement and reconsider the ages who include in law of retirement. Activate the role of Integration committee to end the Administrative and Financial Corruption by observing and suing force towards this kind of phenomenon special the Senior Officials, and activate the social security Network in society and activate the role of direct taxes to re - distribute the National income between the classes of the society.
