الاخلاق والدين بين وليم جيمس وجون ديوي == ETHICS AND RELIGION BETWEEN WILLIAM JAMES AND JOHN DEWEY
Author name:
نبراس زكي جليل
Supervisor name:
جميل حليل نعمة المعلة
General topic:
Philosophy
Specific topic:
Modern Philosophy
Degree:
Master
University:
University of Kufa - College Of Literature - Department Of Philosophy
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Najaf
First pages:
02T340 - p.pdf
Abstract:
This research - field dealt with ethics and religion in the pragmatic philosophy, particularly of William James and John Dewey. It included four chapters. The first chapter presented the most important philosophers who represented the pragmatic philosophy and shed light on the most outstanding subjects and problems on which those philosophers made their research.The second chapter is mainly based on the ethics in William James’s philosophy. In the first section, which is entitled. Ethics between psychology and Metaphysics, we handled the origin of the ethical rules in addition to the source of Good and Evil. Finally, it touched upon the conscience idea. Accordingly, it seems that James treated ethics from a psychological point of view in the way that ethics are considered as relative and not absolute. This idea is also represented in the second section of the subject, entitled the Ethical principle, in which he criticised the standard solutions, trying to suggest the pragmatic philosophy for this standard question. In the third section, the researcher handled the Meliorism in James’s philosophy in which James looked at the world optimistically through the defeat of evil and the victory for good. The third chapter included the ethical subject in John Dewey’s philosophy. In the first section, Dewey treated the relationship between the means and ends which is regarded as the basis for the ethical problem.In the second section which represents the core of the ethical theory, Dewey tries to talk about the morals of the individual and society. In this section, we find Dewey contradicts James in that he dealt with ethics sociologically. In the final section of this chapter which is entitled Freedom and the Ethical optimism, Dewey made a complete agreement with James in his theory of Meliorism. To end this chapter, we find that Dewey called upon the scientific ethics which are regarded as similar to other experimental sciences. As a result of this, we had to use and apply the approaches of the scientific research.In the ending chapter, the researcher discussed religion in Dewey and James’s philosophy . James’s birth in a religious family forms the effective effect of his tendency and treatment of religion psychologically.This is quite evident in the first section which is under the title “the will to believe’, in which James believed that religion is a personal matter and there are images of the religious experience which are equal to the number of pious people.In his theory, mentioned before, James considered every individual as one who has the right to believe and to be faithful because the logic of mind can’t prove validity for everything. James applied this firstly on the idea of God.Dewey’s attitude towards religion was negative in that Dewey opposed all heavenly religions regarding them as constant social values and principle because they called upon absolute values which are beyond the human nature. In this viewpoint, Dewey showed that the right religion is the one by which all humanity should restrict to it
