تقييم الفعالية المضادة للاكسدة والمضادة لحيوية الاطوار المختلفة لذبابة المنزل Musca domestica L. للمستخلص المائي لمخلفات العنب Vitis vinifera L. == Evaluation of The Antioxidant And The Activity Against The Viability of Various Stages of The Domestic Fly Musca Domestica L. For The Water Extracts of Grape Pomace Vitis Vinifera L
Author name:
محمد قاسم بلاسم الخيلاني
Supervisor name:
عبد اللطيف مولان محمد
General topic:
Biology
Specific topic:
Microbiology - Parasites
Degree:
Master
University:
University of Diyala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Diyala
First pages:
24T2986 - p.pdf
Abstract:
لقد تم تحديد المحتوى الفينولي الكلي للمركبات الفينولية Total phenolic content والفعالية المضادة للاكسدة Antioxidant activity لمخلفات نوعين من العنب (Vitis vinifera) (ديس العنز والشدة السوداء) التي تم الحصول عليها بعد استخلاص عصير العنب وهي القشور والبذور | The total phenolic contents (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of the pomaces and their components (seeds and peels) of two Iraqi grape cultivars (Shadda Black and Des - Alanez) were determined. Four types of solvents were used in the extraction in order to select the best way of extraction of the phenolic compounds. In addition, the insecticidal activity of the water extracts of the pomaces, seeds and peels against different stages of the life cycle of housefly, Musca domestica, was evaluated via studying the effects of the water extracts on egg hatching, the development of the first instar (L1) larvae into pupae and adult flies, and on the viability of the third instar (L3) larvae and pupae. The results of the present study showed that the extracts prepared in the 5% HCl solutions contained the highest (P<0.05) amounts of phenolic compounds followed by those prepared in hdyro - ethanolic solutions (50% with water, v/v), then the extracts prepared in boiling distilled water, while those prepared in normal distilled water (at room temperature) showed the lowest amounts of phenolic compounds. A similar trend of activity was observed for the antioxidant activity via the ability to scavenge the synthetic free radical (2, 2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl; DPPH). This correlation between the total phenolic contents of the grape pomaces, seeds, and peels and their antioxidant activities clearly indicates that the phenolic compounds are the main contributors for the antioxidant activity. It is important to mention that the TPC of the pomaces, seeds, and peels of the Des - Alanez cultivar were significantly higher (P<0.05 - 0.001) than their counterparts of the Shadda cultivar.The insecticidal activity was evidenced by the ability of the water (boiling) extracts of the pomaces, seeds, and peels of the two cultivars to inhibit the hatching of the housefly eggs at very low concentrations. At 150 microgram (µg)/ml, the crude water extracts from the powdered pomaces, seeds, and peels were able to inhibit completely the hatching of the eggs (100% inhibition) when compared with the eggs in the control group (exposed to water only). The water extracts of the pomaces, seeds, and peels of the two cultivars showed inhibitory effects against the viability of the L3 larvae as evidenced by their ability to paralyze or kill the larvae and this ability increases significantly with increasing the exposure time (P< 0.05) and concentration (P< 0.05). The results also revealed that the ability of extracts of the seeds of the two cultivars to paralyze or kill the L3 larvae was significantly higher (P< 0.5 - 0.001) than the extracts of the pomaces and peels, especially at the higher concentrations.The results of the current study also showed the capacity of the water extracts of pomaces, seeds, and peels of the two cultivars to affect the development of pupae into adult flies and this capacity depends on the exposure time and the by - product and increases significantly (P< 0.05 - 0.001) with increasing the exposure time. Moreover, the ability of the seeds extracts from both cultivars to inhibit the transformation of the pupae into adult flies was significantly higher (P< 0.001) than the ability of the extracts of the pomaces and peels, and at all the exposure times.Concerning the results of the last series of the laboratory experiments which are considered the most important experiments in this study because they simulate field conditions, two treatment placement locations were selected, top of the manure and bottom of manure (under about 5 cm of manure). For top treatment, 50 grams of manure were placed in the plastic cup and then 5% or 10% of the powdered pomaces, seeds or peels were sprinkled on the top of the manure. For bottom treatment, the same amounts of powdered by - products were sprinkled on the bottom of the cup and then 50 g of manure were added to the cup. A similar quantity of untreated manure was used as a control. The results of these experiments showed that the powdered pomaces, seeds, and peels have the ability to inhibit the development of the larvae into pupae and adult flies and this ability depends on the location of the products and the grape cultivar. The results also revealed that the addition of the powdered materials of both cultivars on top of the manure inhibited significantly more (P<0.05 - 0.001) L1 larvae from reaching the pupa and adult stages in comparison with their counterparts which had been added at the bottom of the manure. Contrary to our expectations, the powdered pomaces, seeds and peels of both cultivars showed inhibitory effect against the L1 larvae when added on bottom of the manure which may indicate that the phenolic compounds present in the powdered materials can mix and bind with the ingredients of the powdered by - products and affect the growth and development of the larvae into pupae and adult flies.It can be concluded that the grape pomaces and their ingredients, which are usually thrown in the bin, represent very good sources for phenolic compounds that have the ability to scavenge the free radicals and have insecticidal activity against different stages of the housefly, Musca domestica.
