التعددية السياسية وصنع السياسة العامة في لبنان : بحث في واقع النظام السياسي اللبناني1975 - 1990 == Political Multi - Individuality And Making The General Policy In Lebanon A Study Of Reality Of Lebanese Political Regime 1975 - 1990
Author name:
رحيم صدام جبر الساعدي
Supervisor name:
لبنان هاتف الشامي
General topic:
Political Science
Specific topic:
Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree:
Master
University:
Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Baghdad
First pages:
14T711 - p.pdf
Abstract:
لبنان، بلد عربي، يمثل بنظامه السياسي صورة النظم السياسية العربية التي كانت ولم تزل تعاني من تاكل مقومات بنائها، سواءا في زمن الاضطراب،او في زمن الاستقرار. بلد حمل اشكالية الانفتاح السياسي بمختلف الوانها، حتى اذا ما قبض على حقيقة الخيار المؤهل لوجوده كبلد | Lebanon, as an Arab country, represents with its political system, aprogection for Arabian political systemes which were and are still sufferng from the corression of their building foundations whither in distrbance or still times. Lebanon carried the problamtic issue of political opening with all it’s colors, & when the time of seezing the reality of the choice which quilify it’s existing as acountry with many origins, roots, & sects, it has to reform it’s existance again in time when all the political claimel the patriotic without reaching it and claime for self estem without it’s maintenance … and work to mold the without sacrifying to the most important Identity … and that is Lebanon which sums in its four dimensions and it’s long history the causes of common living for its peopl… Asaholiest holy.In front of all this, it seems that Lebanon along its political history is threatened to be at the edge of the storms and their many strong winds …. Give birth to the democratic biulding breaths & not as the other Arab countries, acompanied with the results of the destroying storms till it became acountry that gathered the obligitory possibities and the leathal prohabitions which must be avoid.And this was the situation for the political seen in Lebanon … in that it is over loaded from its birth with silent restrictions it’s claims for it’s aims and this was the reason of differences which the Lebaneses suffr in making their choices … un till the the chance of right thinking and making the right choice were vanish they directed them selves to the escalation whither by preparing the in between conflicts supported by the origions which make them and their outside connections or by starting conflects as away of self rebuild.By this the 1975 - 1990 war seems to be the origon portate of the panorama of that systeme which is elected to happen again at any time according to the factors of it’s starting inside, regionaly, & internationaly. In that Lebanon in its different consitituants is acountry of the paradoxes. Which without it’s geographical variablities, it would be disintigrated … and without the Arab - Isra’el conflect the situation would be worse … and without it’s history as astart point for Arab nation.. thought of imbission … the situation would be differ.Acountry gathers many sects … with many many political parties of political organizations, the carrier of the Arab issue, passionat to be out of its crisis. It seems to straggl the baries which sometime, are made by the others. And the core of the problem is the lebanese politcal system. So what is it’s nature? And what are the origins of its starying? And what are its machinaries of practicing the outhoraty? And what are the rols in making the general policy? These questions and others are the cove of our study The Thesis Assumption This thesis spring from an assumption said “the Labenese political system ehich said “the labenese political system which as it was raised and tried to melt the origions, the roots, and the sects in one patriotic bowel to provid the evedance that democracy, as thought and system, as an experanced bowel for gatharing this variaty … is still unable to identifying the pathes that lead to their hops … and also to convince the people of the safty of their country’s building” And if we want to make this assumption legal there are group of branch questions which need answers some of which are : - - Were the economical, social and the party’s structure in lebanon had arole and effect on the labenese political system? - Was the lebanese political system crisis a modrenization one represented in the contrast between the base and the head of the political game of the institution which was limitted from more than half century and which the system comit and the forces & the catigories that are raisen in the sociaty? - did Al - Ta’af agreement as one of the most siognificunt method of organizing the multi - individuality, or one of the most important method for trying to make the openions come nearer in acolized sociaty, was more important than 1993 bond added to it the constitution convensions which add to the constitution, or it may become a new bond for new republic? And what will be the consequances of making it legal? - Was the lebanese political system able to mold or build general polocy oble to achive the aims, demands, and solving the problems and as aresalt to keep the sociaty’s convensions. The thesis structure The subject was divided into four chapters, where it tackled in the first chapter - the general from of the political life in Lebanon in three researches Research one/ tackle the social & economical strcture Research two & three / tackle the party consid rations and included a show and analysis for the political parties which are existed from stadared and facts points of view, in addition to divide theses parties to different groups.As for chapter two it tackled the political and the party’s system, and 1975 crisis and this chapter is subdivided into three researches Research One : tackled the lebaneses political system from consept and crisis points of view Research Two : tackled the political - secterian upper classes and 1975 crisis Research Three : tackle the role of the political parties in 1975 crisis In chapter Three : Ittackle - Al - Ta’af agreement and the ending of 1975 crisis and it consists of three researches Research One : tackle the political situations before Al - Ta’af agreement Research Two : Al - Ta’af bond reformations and their traces on the Lebanese political system Research Three : tackle the results of Al - Ta’af agreement on the political life in lebanon And by the end of chapter four we conclude this thesis, and it tackls the malti - individuality for parties & political life and the general political life in lebanon after al - Ta’af agreement and it consists of three researches also.Research One : tackle the consept and the nature of the general polocy.Research Two : tackle the role of the political system in lebanon in making the general polocy.Research Three : showed the weakness of the political parties and how they influanced by the secterian dividing and the role of the forigon interferances in making the general And finally come the conclasion which showed number of facts which we saw to be necessary to be included as conclusion in the light of what was ahead of study & openion And by this hample effort I hope to submit a hample participation in this side of the political life in our region.God will help …. His mercy make the hope come true.After we had submit adetailed explantion for the truth fact of the political system inlebanon and hools & mischirings the resalt of 1975 crisis and its war and after Al - Ta’af agreement in 1990 to save what were possple to save we must take some growing facts which must be demonistrated as aconclusion : - 1 - The lebaneses political system depend on an accurate balance between different forces and distinguished catigories, centers and branched dissisions, and they are all forced perminantly to speak wisly other wise the balance is corrupted and caios spread and that will affect their interests.This balance is not secterian only, putitis alse geographical camoge the different areas of lebanon) and an institutioin balance ( between the institution & highly governmental ranks) and family balance ( between some families which forced their role by roral old ownership & money)2 - The change in the sect structure in lebanon after 1975 was not an inside change aimed to unified the families to improve their stance and to reform the corruption in the overall social structure only. But was an all change intered on each sect structure lead toaconfusion between cotinuing the role or giving it up perminantly, both of these matters led to the collaps of foundations which the lebanese socialy was build on.3 - Whatsoever the lebanese political system was still standing on the base of the constitation from one side & the national bond from the other the authority was divided in away between the different sects in that the head republic is christian maronic, the chief ministers sunni & the head parlamanite is sheiite - As for the parlamanit the mahority is for the chrtians. According to Al - Ta’af bond which ended the civil war there were many amendancies on the consititution published in 21/9/1990. Some of these chanages made difference in the lebanese life especially in material (24) which stated to spread the chairs of the parlamant equally between muslims & chrstians and in aspecified ratio between sects & the areas.4 - The too many parties make them unable to partici pate in the political operation in that they practice no very important vole in this operation due to to the limits of the sects in addition to the non legal & non convential foundation of these parties especially for those who are independants and their role in the election system for parlamaint members which is secterian which lead to shrink their role in the politics.5 - Thus the first fact of understanding the lebanese political system in that it is secterian build on dividing the citizins into two basic sects muslim & christian with these two sects subdivided into many sects (17 sects) which the political system admit and made the social & political rights for them. So each lebanese belong to asect. In that one of the writers wrot in 1927 describing Lebanon as the “lountry of religions & sects” The mater was not short for the dividing of the sects subjectivly but the most important their feeling of the belonging to some sect.6 - We cannot think of the party’s roles in this crisis, in that they were not fundimental in the crisis reactions, due to their little in the Lebanese political system. But still the party’s role an indicator for lebanese political system empitance. The fristvations which the political parties faces which prevent their action in the authority in any system especially in the field of making the perfect intigration on the national level and the political participation and give the legal form for the system, help us more in understanding the Lebanese crisis.7 - The formula of roling in Al - Ta’af agreement made an organized form of participation that heels the political deprivation ending the dictatorial behaviour & regaining the atmosphere of the copration on the base of equdity in making the dissions and drowing the general polocy as a formula of roling in all minictries in away all sects are represented in an equal fair way’s and the all are participated inmaking the political dission. This balance in the political dission are in the ministers council and also the association of sunni & sheiite and the other ethnics. So big sects (muronics, sunnies, sheites) are given the most important positions i - e head republic was given to the maranics to control the bases of the formula & the supervision on this formula both in dission & excution and keep the stractur of the government, the head of ministers council was given to sunnies to assist the head republic in controling the base of the formula & supervise its excution, and the head parlamanit was given to sheiites & their duty is watching the formula in dission & excuting 8 - The reality of the Lebanese political system crisis was consentrated on the political level especially in outside polocy i - e Lebanese - tsrae’el conflect, and this lead to the stance from the resistance. Where the Lebanese beliv that the Israe’el conflect does not threat Lebanon but protect it & make it go back to its basic standards and protect it’s body & system. From other side others belive the main cause of the Lebanese crisis is the diffrences in the secterian balances due to the civil wars and Israel in vasion & the syrian existance in Lebanon which take the side of some sects on the behalf of others in the conflict on authority. Others belive that the cause of the crisis is due to the administrative & political corruption in Lebanon even though it is anold feature of the Lebanese government from the timeop inde pendency. While others think of the economical side & the financial dealing which make the unemployment levels raise - and what soever the will of change might be, it is without ascientific plane to be based on the enviotnment inside and outside Lebanon.9 - The future of the general polcy in Lebanon and it’s setilment on good bases is connected by two matters 1st the government ability in its new forms to overcome the party’s individuals, and secure the real fram to practice the general freedoms and the comitance of the national polocy and get out of social crisis to the horizons of the balance development 2nd the translation of the patriotic belonging practically on the educational, the economical, political, security & social levels
