العراق في السياسة الامريكية المعاصرة 1980 - 2003 == Iraq in the American Contemporary policy 1980 - 2003
Author name:
عادل محمد حسين العليان
Supervisor name:
ابراهيم خليل احمد العلاف
General topic:
History
Specific topic:
Modern and Contemporary History
Degree:
Doctorate
University:
University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Mosul
First pages:
11T3200 - p.pdf
Abstract:
ذكرنا في صفحات هذه الاطروحة ان الولايات المتحدة الامريكية اهتمت بالعراق منذ مدة طويلة سبقت احتلالها له في مفتتح القرن الحادي والعشرين لا بسبب اهمية موقعه الاستراتيجي فحسب ، وانما بسبب وجود موارد نفطية هائلة فيه ، وكونه احد اخر دولتين تنضب فيهما الثورة النفطية في العالم . هذا فضلا عن امتلاكه لثروة بشرية ولعمقه الحضاري المعروف . وقد حاولت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية الاستفادة من الحروب التي خاضتهواانتصرت فيهوامنحتها هذه الحروب الاولوية في ان تعيد تشكيل خارطة العالم بما يحقق لها التفوق في السياسات الدولية ، ويمنح شركاتها النفطية امتيازات هائلة على حساب الدول المنافسة لها ، فقد كان الهدف الاستراتيجي الاكبر للولايات المتحدة في منطقة الشرق الاوسط ابان فترة الحرب الباردة هو تامين تدفق النفط باسعار متدنية اليهواالى حلفائها الغربيين، لان النفط كان عنصرا مهما وحاسما في النواحي الاقتصادية والعسكرية ، وبدون النفط الذي عد (( شريان دم العالم )) فان الاقتصاد الامريكي يضعف ومعه الاقتصاد الغربي ، وبضعف الاقتصاد فان القوة العسكرية تصبح غير قادرة على محاربة الاتحاد السوفيتي ومواجهته ، لان السوفيت كانوا متفوقين على الامريكان والدول الحليفة لهم في هذا المجال لوجود المنابع النفطية في الارض السوفيتية . ولم يكن بامكان الامريكان مواجهة السوفيت خلال النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين الا من خلال ايجاد نظم وحكومات حليفة لها في منطقة الشرق الاوسط مثل ايران ، والمملكة العربية السعودية ، ومصر واسرائيل التي كان عليها مواجهة النفوذ السوفيتي وعرقلة توسعه في هذه المنطقة الحيوية من العالم ، لاسيما ان حروب التدخل الامريكية اثبتت فشلها ، واثارت الوضع الداخلي في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية بسبب الخسائر التي تمخضت عنها ، مثل حرب فيتنام التي كانت درسا قاسيا للامريكان ، فتم تبني الحرب بالنيابة او ((سياسة العمودين المتساندين)) او غيرها من السياسات التي رسم معالمها عدد من اساطين السياسة الامريكية المعاصرة . بالمقابل اثبتت الحروب العربية - الاسرائيلية ضرورة تحييد العراق ومنعه من تقديم الدعم اللازم للمنظمات الفلسطينية ولدول المواجهة ، لكون جيشه شارك في كل الحروب التي خاضها العرب ضد اسرائيل ، وبالتالي فان اضعافه او جره الى حروب اقليمية من شانه ان يسمح لمخطط ( السلام ) ان يتحقق ، او ان يفسح المجال امام حوار فلسطيني - اسرائيلي يجعل امن اسرائيل حقيقة واقعة بدلا من ان يبقى هذا الامن مهددا باستمرار ، فجاءت التغييرات التي شهدتها ايران عام 1979 ووصول المؤسسة الدينية الى السلطة فيها فرصة لجر العراق الى حرب اقليمية لا منتصر خارج منهواتستنزف فيها امكانات العراق الاقتصادية والعسكرية . وقد ادى خروج العراق من الحرب مع ايران ( 1980 ـ 1988 ) بخبرات عسكرية، كبيرة وعدم اهتزاز امكانات جيشه رغم مرور ثماني سنوات عليها الى ان تفكر الولايات المتحدة الامريكية بجر العراق الى حرب ثانية ، لان اهدافها في حرب الخليج الاولى لم تتحقق باكملها ، فبحثت عن ادوات لها ، فوجدت في بعض النظم الخليجية ، لاسيما الكويت ، ضالتها المنشودة ، واستغلت ردود الفعل السريعة لدى الرئيس العراقي واندفاعه واعتقاده ان ظروف الحرب مع ايران مازالت قائمة ، وان احتلاله للكويت لن يواجه برد فعل قوي من قبل الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ، لانه سيرضي مصالحها النفطية ولن يهددها في حالة ضم الكويت اليه ، فوقع في الفخ الامريكي ، لياتي دخول العراق الى الكويت واحتلاله لها فرصة ذهبية للامريكان ، لكي يتجاوزوا ازمتهم الاقتصادية التي وصلت الى عجز يقدر بنحو (220) مليار دولار عام 1990 . لقد كان غرض الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من تحشيدها للدول الغربية وغيرها في شن الحرب ضد العراق عام 1991 وتمويل حملتها من حلفائهوامن دول الخليج العربي هو تحولها من دولة مدينة الى دولة دائنة ، والهيمنة على هذه المنطقة الحيوية وتدمير العراق كقوة عسكرية مهمة لصالح اسرائيل ، وتهيئة الخليج العربي لاستراتيجية امريكية جديدة بعد ان استخدم الامريكان وحلفاؤهم ما يوازي حجم المتفجرات التي القت على هيروشيما اليابانية ثماني مرات قاتلة حسب ادنى تقديرات الصليب الاحمر الدولية . وجاءت احداث الحادي عشر من ايلول 2001 التي تباينت الاراء حولها ، والاهداف التي من ورائها لتمنح الامريكان والرئيس بوش ( الابن ) (( فرصة العصور )) لوضع المخططات المتوافرة لمهاجمة العراق ، وادخاله في (( محور الشر )) مع ايران وكوريا الشمالية ، وبالفعل تم اطلاق مشروع ((مستقبل العراق)) الذي جعل الكونغرس الامريكي يقر مشروعا اعطى لبوش سلطة استخدام القوة في العراق (( كلمرااى ذلك ضروريا ومناسبا )). ولم تكن الامم المتحدة ومجلس الامن التابع لها بعيدة عن الهيمنة الامريكية ومخططات صانع القرار الامريكي في ضرب العراق واسقاط نظامه السياسي ، فاسهمت بدورها في اصدار القرارات الواحد تلو الاخر ضد الشعب العراقي ، وحذرت النظام العراقي من عدم التعاون مع فرق التفتيش الدولية عن الاسلحة التي اثبتت كل الوقائع اانها كانت ذريعة استخدمت من اجل تحقيق الاهداف الامريكية ليس الا . وهكذا سعت الاستراتيجية الامريكية للتخلص من النظام السياسي في العراق وانهاء حكم صدام حسين له من خلال حملة سريعة عرفت بعملية (( حرية العراق )) وخلق حكومة موالية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية في بغداد ، وانشاء قواعد امريكية تسهل عملية الهيمنة عليه، لان وجود مثل هذه الحكومة سيسمح للولايات المتحدة باجراء تعديلات وتغييرات في الخارطة السياسية في منطقة الشرق الاوسط .لقد كانت عملية احتلال العراق عام 2003 خطوة رئيسية باتجاه اجراء تغييرات في معالم الشرق الاوسط ، ومنها منح الانظمة المعارضة للولايات المتحدة الفرصة لاصلاح مواقفها او ازالتها نهائيا لان احتلال العراق واسقاط نظامه السياسي كان درسا لتلك الانظمة فاقدمت ليبيا ، على سبيل المثال لا الحصر ، على تفكيك مشروعها النووي والتخلي عنه نهائيا، ومحاولة فتح صفحة جديدة مع الامريكان ، فضلا عن ذلك فان الامريكان سيتخذون من ( درس العراق ) تهديدا لدول الشرق الاوسط من انها تدعم الارهاب الدولي ، وان هذه الدول يجب تغيير انظمتها السياسية لانها بعدم مكافحتها للارهابيين تشكل خطرا بالغا على الامن القومي الامريكي . واخيرا فان احتلال العراق كان في بعض جوانبه ضمانا لامن اسرائيل ، فلقد خرج العراق من خانة المهددين لها ، واضحى تاجيل اقامة الدولة الفلسطينية الى حين هدفا لها . وبهذا فان تطوير العراق لاسلحة نووية ووجود صلات بين النظام السابق في العراق وتنظيم القاعدة الارهابي ، وكون الرئيس العراقي الاسبق (( مغامرا )) كبير لا تضمن نتائج افعاله ، واقامة دعائم الديمقراطية في عراق ما بعد صدام حسين لم تكن الا ذرائع استخدمتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من اجل احتلال العراق واسقاط نظامه السياسي لصالح تنفيذ خطط الاستراتيجية الامريكية في منطقة الشرق الاوسط ، والتي عملت من اجلها اكثر من نصف قرن . | Iraq was - and is still, yet - the focus of attention of super power during its recent and contemporary history. Iraq, since the first beginning of its history, was a passage between East and West. Its borders reflected interests of the super power, during the I World, and not hopes of its people and that stayed as defiance for it with neighbors. As for its economic well - off, huge oil resources, peculiar and strategic position; Iraq was exposed to foreign domination attempts and a competition field for different power under various excuses and claims. The British came after a backward Ottoman domination which was unable to make Iraq as a modern country. The establishment of Iraqi state happend together with British influence, even if it was not purposed, was slight within identified aspects and they had a bearing upon Iraqi society and structure in varied aspects. And yet, the United States was not faraway from Iraq, or the latter was not within its strategy, or was as a secondary number in its consideration; rather Iraq was, since the American taking care of the Middle East region, as a significant state for American policy maker who has considered, as for others, the Middle East region is as the center of the Globe; the one who controls it would control all over the world; nevertheless, that dose not mean the insignificance of other region for American politicians; which is emphasized by various American administrations when draw its strategies and foreign goals. By virtue of the great importance for Iraq within American strategy and concentration to put under their hegemony till it reached a stage where more than one ruling American administration have asserted on need of direct occupying under this allegation or that whether individually or by an international alliance up to a point where it became occupied, also ending its political regime and its international independence on April 9, 2003, owing to that I have selected the subject " Iraq in Contemporary American Policy 1980 - 2003 " as to be my dissertation title. Many factors have contributed to choose this theme; first of all was the importance of the subject, non - being of independent academic studies that approached it until now, however, there are some academic these and dissertations which tackled Iraqi - American relation 1945 - 1958, Iraqi - American relation 1967 - 1987, and the U. S policy toward Iraq 1958 - 1963; but they have which policy connected with historical events so as the political change in 2003 to be a fundamental and comprehensive alteration for all that have been planned by occupying it practically and overthrowing its political regime and substituted for a pro - U. S. A regime; hence, studying such a filled with events and variables is considered as scientific and practical task at the same time; that acquires its significance from the nature and vitality of the subject itself. The thesis composed of an introduction four chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter one discussed the historical bases for Iraq's relations with the United states since the second half of 19th century to the end of 1968, The chapter also discussed handled Iraq's position in the American policy between 1968 and 1980. In 1980 Iraq - Iran War broke out for many reasons; some of them are ideological differences between the tow political regimes in both countries, the desire of both to prevent the other from imposing its will on neighboring Arab Gulf States, continuity of border problems and the inroads upon borders between them especially by Iran which always was putting forward the necessity of ( Revolution Exporting ) to Iraq and Gulf States and interfering in internal affaires, and the like of reasons that moved them to engage in war that lasted eight years during which the tow countries presented heavy losses and casualties that did not serve but the super powers interests particularly the United States which participated in drawing out the war to weaken both parties, besides the destruction of their infrastructures for the interest of the Zionist schemes in the region, took up American policy tendencies and its development toward Iraq in 1984 - 1988. All of this was the focus of Chapter tow of the thesis. Chapter three involved Iraq's position in the American strategy between 1988 and 1993, where it studied the attitude of Washington towards Iraq in the wake of Iraq - Iran War up to bait Iraq in order to occupy Kuwait in 1990; and the eruption of the Second Gulf War in 1991; also, the subsequent resolutions by the United Nation. While chapter four which is the latter indicated to the United States policy toward raq since 1993 until occupation of it and ending its political regime on April 9, 2003. The information included in the thesis proved that the United States watched over Iraq for along time before occupying it in the beginning of the 21th century not only due to the importance of its strategic position, but in view of its vast oil resources and as being one of tow states which will be the last in case of oil's running out around the world. The U.S.A attempted to profiteer from wars that carried and gained by it and gifted with priority to reshape the map of the world from where it achieves its superiority on international policies, and to give its oil companies tremendous capitulations at the expense of other rival states; where the greatest and strategic target for the U. S. A in the Middle East during the cold war is ensure oil flow with low prices for it and its western allies insomuch as oil was substantial and crucial in economic and military aspects; without oil, which is regarded as (( word's blood artery )), the American and western economies will became weak as a result of that military power will lose strength so that it will be unable to combat and confront the Soviet Union by reason of that the Soviets proved superior to Americans and their Allies in this field as the oil wells were within the Soviet lands. The Americans were not in a position to defy during the second half of the 20th century except by creating allied regimes and governments in the Middle East like Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Israel which had to encounter the Soviet extension and hampering it in this vital region of the world specifically when the American intervention wars proved its unsuccess and irritated the internal situation in American because of the losses brought about the war in Vietnam which a rigorous lesson for the Americans then they took up the war on behalf of or (( The collaborated pillars )) or other policies drawn by the experts of contemporary American policy. In return the Arabs - Israel wars established the necessity for neutralizing Iraq and restrain it from presenting the proper support for Palestinian organizations and confrontation states because its army engaged in all wars battled by Arabs against Israel, accordingly, Iraq weakening or pulling it into regional wars would make the scheme of ( peace ) to come true, or to step aside for Palestinian - Israeli talks that make the Israeli security actual state of affairs instead of being threatened unceasingly; thus, changes in Iran in 1979; arrival of religious foundation to power, were as an opportunity to pull Iraq into regional war without any victorious during which and to exhaust Iraqi economic and military potentials. Iraq's getting out of war with Iran with considerable military expertise's and an army with unshakable capacities although after eight years of war; all that prompted the U.S. A to pull Iraq into a second war since its purposes through the first Gulf war had not fulfilled completely; that is why it searched for its means and then found that some Gulf regimes, in particular Kuwait, as its long - sought goal; then it exploited the hasty reactions of Iraq's president Sadam Husein and zealousness; believing that conditions during war with Iran were still existent and his occupation of Kuwait would not be faced with a strong reaction by the U.S.A on the grounds that he would satisfy its oil interests and would not be threatened in case of annexing Kuwait to Iraq; then he got stuck in the American trap, thereupon, Iraq's entering and occupation of Kuwait became a golden chance for the Americans to overcome their economic crisis where it endured a deficit estimated at about 220 $ billion in 1990. The American aims behind, concentrating Western states and others to wage war against Iraq in 1991; financing its cam pain by its Allies and Arab Gulf states, are to be changed from an indebted state to a creditor state; to prevail over this pivotal region; to destroy Iraq as a crucial military bower in favor of Israel and preparing the Arab Gulf for a new American strategy after Americans and their Allies using to explosives that are equal to eight times of that bombed over the Japanese city of Hiroshima according to minimum estimations by International Red Cross Organization.The events of the eleventh of September 2001, in which the views were varying, were the objects behind came to give the American and the president Bush ( the son ) (( opportunity of ages )) to lay available plans for attacking Iraq and include within (( evil center )) with Iran and North Korea, actually the project of (( Iraq's future )) was launched which made the American Congress to adopt a resolution that authorized Bush to use force against Iraq (( whenever that necessary and adequate )). The United Nations and the Security Council were not far - off the American hegemony and the schemes of the American policy makers to attack Iraq and to overthrow its political regime, and then it contributed to issue resolutions one after one against Iraqi people and warned Saddam Hussein's regime from being not cooperative with international inspection teams about weapons where all true state of affairs that they were not but a pretext used to implement American goals.As such, the Hussein's strategy to get rid of the political regime in Iraq and to end Saddam Hussein's rule through a swift campaign called the operation of (( Iraq's freedom )) , to create a government that is to be an adherent to the U.S.A in Baghdad, establishing American bases to facilitate its domination over it since such a government would permit for the United States to make amendments and changing's in the political map of the Middle East particularly in Saudi a Arabic at worst like the rise of an anti - American in AL Riyadh.The operation of occupying Iraq in 2003 was a principal step to make changing's in the features of the Middle East including giving the regimes that oppose the United States the chance to reform its attitudes or to be removed entirely for occupation of Iraq and toppling its political regime was as a lesson all these regimes where Libya, as an example and not exclusively, dismantled its nuclear project and up it absolutely, also attempting to start a new stage with the Americans, furthermore, the Americans will use ( Iraq's lesson ) as a threat to the Middle Eastern states as for that they support international terrorism and the political regimes of these states must be changed because when they do not struggle the terrorists then they will be a serious against American national security.Finally, occupation of Iraq was in some of its aspects a guarantee for Israeli security where Iraq is no longer a threat to Israel and delaying the establishment of the Palestinian state for some time because as a target for it. thereby, Iraq's developing nuclear weapons, finding connections between Saddam Hussein's regime and the terrorist organization of AL - Qaeda, and that Saddam is a great adventurer and his action are not ensured, also establishment of democracy pillars in the Iraq of period after Saddam, all that were not but excuses used by the U.S.A to occupy Iraq and to bring down its political regime to implement the American strategy in the Middle East region
